Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP)

A Review on Medicinal Effects of Abelmoschus esculentus on Type 2 Diabetes

Neeta Rai — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), or okra or lady finger, is an extensively used vegetable that has strong healing powers
in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its bioactive substances, especially flavonoids, polyphenols, and
mucilage, have hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. This review provides a summary
of the existing evidence on the mechanism of action of okra as an antidiabetic agent, involving the regulation of
diabetic metabolism, promotion of insulin sensitivity, and inhibition of oxidative stress-induced pancreatic injury.
Besides, the review highlights the pharmacological research, clinical significance, and future potential of using
A. esculentus as a natural adjunct agent in diabetes treatment.

Acute Cholelithiasis with Calculous Cholecystitis and Impending Perforation: A Rare Presentation of Salmonella TyphiCholelithiasis is a common biliary condition with substantial morbidity, often progressing to acute calculous cholecystitis when complic

Ranjithkumar Rajamani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cholelithiasis is a common biliary condition with substantial morbidity, often progressing to acute calculous
cholecystitis when complicated by gallstone obstruction. While the typical pathogens implicated in biliary
infections are enteric Gram-negative bacilli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a rare etiological
agent, particularly in immunocompetent individuals, and can present without any systemic typhoid features.
Case Presentation: This case report describes a young female presenting with right upper quadrant pain and
radiological evidence of acute cholecystitis with impending gallbladder perforation. Intraoperative findings
included a phlegmon with pus, inflammation, and the presence of gallbladder perforation, with microbiological
culture of these fluids revealing the pathogen as S. Typhi resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and tetracycline.
Histopathology confirmed the findings. The case underscores the emerging prevalence of drug-resistant S. Typhi
in endemic regions such as India and highlights the importance of routine culture in severe cholecystitis cases,
even in the absence of overt enteric fever. It also emphasizes the need for vigilance in endemic settings where
typhoid complications may present atypically

Key Predictors of Medial Meniscal Ramp Lesions in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Injured Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Munis Ashraf — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Meniscal ramp lesions are defined as lesions at the meniscocapsular junction of the posterior horn of the medial
meniscus and are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. These lesions contribute
to increased anterior and rotational laxities of the knee and lead to continuous instability and graft failure of ACL
reconstruction (ACLR) if left untreated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to identify and quantify the
key preoperative risk factors for medial meniscal ramp lesions (MMRLs) in patients with ACLR. The systematic
searching for articles was done in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, OVID/Medline, and Scopus for publications
from 2008 to June 2024 as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020.
This systematic review included 15 studies involving 9,110 patients, with data extraction and analysis conducted
using random-effect models.

Personalized Gut Microbiota-Driven Therapies in Precision Microbiome Medicine

Sankar Ganesh — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The microbiome plays a key role in the maintenance of our health, the causes of our ailments, and our recovery
from treatment. With the recent advances in the integration of multiple omics techniques, systems bioinformatics,
and predictive modeling, a new frontier in microbiome research that leverages personalized microbial profiling
with purpose-driven clinical goals is on the rise. The purpose of this review is to describe the overall concept of
Precision Microbiome Medicine (PMM), including the clinical promise, underlying principles, and the enabling
technologies. It begins with a discussion of the temporal dynamics and the bidirectional cross-talk between the
gut microbiome and the body systems. It also discusses the technologies that are critical for the development of
PMM, including, but not limited to, high-throughput sequencing, metagenomics, metabolomics, and machine
learning, along with real-time surveillance systems. The review analyses the application of PMM in a number
of disease areas, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and cancer, with a strong focus on
microbiome diagnostics, prognostics, and personalized therapy. Other therapeutic approaches discussed include
engineered microbial consortia, microbiota-directed diets, prebiotics, probiotics, and personalized therapy. The
review also addresses the barriers to broader implementation of PMM, including issues of causal inference,
lack of standardization, and ethical constraints. Finally, this review strongly discusses the future goals, like
microbiome-based digital therapies collaborating with precision nutrition, which can monitor the microbiome for
longer periods with clinical translation guidelines. This conceives new ideas with significant future possibilities
to explain the significance of PMM in customized health care.

Smart Carriers, Smarter Cures: Stimuli-responsive Nanomaterials for Precision Messenger RNA Delivery

Sambasivam Gopinath — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Against the backdrop of modern medical progress, messenger RNA (mRNA) holds a bright future, yet its
therapeutic potential highly relies on effective delivery. This review, “Smart Carriers for Smarter Cures,” explores
the innovative use of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials as protective and precise carriers for mRNA. We first
understand the innate challenges of mRNA transport, including its susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and its
difficulty in crossing cell membranes independently. The core of our discussion focuses on how these smart carriers
support biological and external triggers for highly targeted drug release. Further, we study how they respond to a
variety of cues, such as shifts in pH and redox potential within the body, as well as external stimuli like light. This
focused approach reduces unintended effects and increases therapeutic capability. We also try and understand the
variety of carrier types, such as lipid nanoparticles and polymeric systems. We deeply discuss the mechanisms
that they use for cargo delivery too. In a nutshell, this review highlights the main impact of these technologies
across various applications, like the important development of advanced mRNA vaccines and customized cancer
treatments. By identifying the important delivery hurdles, these intelligent nanocarriers are recreating a new era in
nanomedicine and gene therapy where our future is full of more effective and safer treatments.

Efficacy of Chlorhexidine in Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Wajan Alqathanin — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication in intensive care units (ICUs) that leads to increased
morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Chlorhexidine (CHX), a broad-spectrum antiseptic, is widely used for oral
care in intubated patients to prevent the development of VAP. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy
of CHX in preventing VAP in adult patients in the ICU. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed for
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 1, 2018, and October 30, 2024. Five RCTs met the
inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The primary outcomes were overall mortality and VAP episodes, and
the secondary outcomes were ICU stay duration and mechanical ventilation time. The results showed that CHX did not
significantly reduce mortality rates, VAP incidence, ICU stay duration, or mechanical ventilation time compared to the
control group. However, the risk of bias assessment revealed significant variability in the study quality, with concerns
about selection, performance, and detection biases. Despite the lack of significant impact on the outcomes assessed,
CHX may offer additional benefits in the ICU setting, such as reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections and
improving oral health. The decision to use CHX should be based on a comprehensive assessment of its benefits and
risks, considering patient characteristics and clinical settings. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to establish the
effectiveness of CHX in preventing VAP and improving patient outcomes in the ICU setting.

Regulatory Barriers and Harmonization Prospects for Generic Drug Approval in South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe

Dr. Pallavi Krishna Shetty — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The African pharmaceutical market is undergoing rapid transformation, fueled by a rising disease burden,
demographic growth, and heightened healthcare needs. Generic medicines – affordable, high-quality alternatives
to branded drugs – are central to expanding access to essential treatments. Yet, regulatory requirements for generic
drug registration remain highly fragmented across African nations, posing significant hurdles for pharmaceutical
companies seeking multi-country entry. This comparative study critically examines the generic drug registration
frameworks in South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, analyzing dossier formats, approval timelines, fee
structures, stability data expectations, and bioequivalence requirements. Key disparities are highlighted, revealing
operational inefficiencies that can delay patient access and inflate costs. The findings underscore the urgent need
for regulatory harmonization across Africa, offering strategic insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers.
In light of ongoing initiatives such as the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization and the emerging African
Medicines Agency, this paper proposes pathways toward streamlined approval processes to accelerate access to
affordable generics. A unified regulatory ecosystem could serve as a catalyst for improved public health outcomes
and pharmaceutical innovation across the continent.

Pharmacological Insights into Boswellia serrata: A Comprehensive Review of Its Therapeutic Potential

Tapas Mishra — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Shallaki is the Ayurvedic name for Boswellia serrata Roxb., a plant of the Burseraceae family. The central
peninsular Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Assam, and Orissa
are home to the plant. Its resin was primarily used for embalming and as incense during cultural occasions by
the ancient Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Chinese, Greek, and Indian civilizations. This herb is listed in the
traditional Ayurvedic pharmacopeia as a remedy for several ailments. Jvara (fever), Svasa (dyspnea), Sarkarameha
(glycosuria), Mukharoga (mouth disease), Sula (pain), Pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), and Pittabhisyanda
(conjunctivitis caused by pitta dosa). The qualitative phytochemical analysis of B. serrata extract reveals the
presence of various bioactive constituents, including α-phellandrene. The key active compounds among the
boswellic acids are β-boswellic acid, 3-O-acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, and 3-O-acetyl
11-keto-β-boswellic acid. In addition, the extract contains a range of terpenoids such as limonene, camphene,
myrcene, β-terpene, p-cymene, thujene, β-phellandrene, and β-terpineol. Four tetracyclic triterpene acids have
also been identified: 3-β-gunahydroxytirucall-8, 3-ketotirucall-8, 24-dien-21-oic acid, and 3-β-acetoxytirucall-8.
Furthermore, the diterpene alcohol serratol is also present, contributing to the plant’s pharmacological properties.
This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of B. serrata, highlighting the convergence between its traditional
applications and contemporary pharmacological evidence, while also discussing novel therapeutic potentials not
previously described in classical texts

Emerging Frontiers in the Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis: From D-dimer to Artificial Intelligence-driven Imaging

Dr. Jothieswari Dhamotharan, — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality, particularly
because of its association with life-threatening complications, such as pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic
syndrome. This review critically explores advancements in DVT diagnostic strategies, including traditional
approaches, emerging imaging modalities, biomarker integration, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven innovations.
Conventional diagnostic pathways relying on clinical scores (e.g., Wells and Geneva), D-dimer assays, and duplex
ultrasonography, though widely used, exhibit limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability
across special populations such as pregnant women and cancer patients. New imaging modalities, including
magnetic resonance venography, computed tomography venography, intravascular ultrasound, elastography,
and photoacoustic imaging, offer enhanced anatomical and functional insights, addressing gaps in thrombus
age characterization and venous outflow obstruction. AI tools leveraging machine learning, natural language
processing, and electronic health records are revolutionizing risk stratification, imaging interpretation, and decision
support. These technologies aim to reduce diagnostic uncertainty, minimize unnecessary interventions, and enable
personalized care for patients. Challenges persist in standardizing protocols, ensuring ethical AI deployment,
and validating novel biomarkers, such as urinary proteomics and thrombin generation profiles. Special emphasis
is placed on tailoring diagnostic algorithms for vulnerable subgroups and optimizing the timing of therapeutic
interventions. This review highlights the clinical implications of these advancements and underscores the need for
future translational research to bridge innovation and bedside applications.

Deep Vein Thrombosis in Special Populations: Pregnancy, COVID-19, and the Elderly

Dr. Jothieswari Dhamotharan — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this review is to examine the specific epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms,
clinical complexities, and management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in three high-risk populations – pregnant
women, patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and older adults. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed
meta-analyses, cohort studies, and expert guidelines examining the incidence, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and
treatment of DVT in different populations was conducted. A systematic search of the literature was conducted
on PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library based on inclusive keywords. The review incorporates both high
quality meta-analyses and large cohort studies on DVT to contrast incidence, complications, and management
strategies across settings and population groups. It is notable that considerable variation in the incidence of DVT
occurred between population groups, particularly elevated incidence in intensive care unit COVID-19 patients
and pregnant women in the peri-partum period. The elderly population presents unique barriers to diagnosis and
treatment due to polypharmacy, complications, and multimorbidity. Existing cumulative data support population
based risk stratification measures and thromboprophylaxis strategies. In this review, the importance of integrated
pathways, early risk assessments, and streamlined therapeutic choices are highlighted, as these can help to reduce
the burdens of morbidity and mortality attributed to DVT in these vulnerable populations.

Next-Generation Biomaterials for the Management of Periodontal Disease

Abhilasha Waghadkar — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Periodontal disease is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition that leads to the destruction of tooth-supporting
tissues, significantly impacting oral and systemic health. Traditional therapies, such as scaling and root planning,
primarily target microbial factors but often fall short in addressing the complex host immune responses that
drive disease progression and tissue destruction. Recent advances in biomaterials offer innovative approaches
for periodontal therapy by integrating principles of tissue engineering, regeneration, and immunomodulation.
Next-generation biomaterials – including biofunctionalized scaffolds, nanotherapeutics, and stimuli-responsive
hydrogels – are designed to not only regenerate lost periodontal tissues but also modulate the local immune
environment, particularly by targeting key immune cells such as neutrophils, mast cells, B-cells, and T-cells.
These materials can serve as carriers for stem cells and growth factors, or directly influence immune cell behavior
to promote tissue repair and limit inflammation. This review summarizes the latest developments in biomaterial
based strategies for periodontal disease management, emphasizing their potential to overcome the limitations of
conventional treatments and improve long-term outcomes. By harnessing the therapeutic capabilities of next
generation biomaterials, there is promise for more effective, predictable, and personalized interventions for
patients with periodontal disease.

Nano Drug Delivery System and Its Applications: A Novel Review

V. Sarovar Reddy — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The most advanced technology for delivering drugs to various sites in the body is nanotechnology. The
nanosize of particles possesses a transcellular mechanism in delivering the drug to the target sites. Many
diseases can be treated effectively through this delivery using nanocapsules, nanospheres, niosomes,
dendrimers, polymeric micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes, fullerenes,
polymeric-based NPs, and paramagnetic NPs with a size ranging from 1 nm to 500 nm. The drug is
linked with the particles and is used in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, gene therapy,
leishmaniasis, and imaging. Retinal leukostasis, tuberculosis, neovascularization of the choroidal stroma,
rejection of the transplant due to an immune response, vaccine delivery, cosmetic and personal care products,
insertion across cellular membranes, diagnosis plans, inhalation therapies, presenting optimistic avenues
for advancing respiratory medicine and improving patient outcomes, etc. Many researchers are exploring
strategies to improve drug loading capacity, such as modifying nanoparticle surfaces or developing novel
drug encapsulation techniques. By increasing drug loading, the therapeutic efficacy of these systems can be
significantly enhanced. The methods used for the preparation of NPs are the salting-out method, supercritical
fluid technology, solvent evaporation method, nano spray drying, double emulsion and evaporation method,
and coacervation or ionic gelation method.

Microbiological Profile and Inflammatory Markers in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Review

Alandur Veena Shetty — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is characterized by respiratory distress in newborns exposed to meconium
stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) with no alternative explanations. Earlier, it was stated that the womb is a sterile
environment and microbial colonization in neonates begins at birth. Recent studies showing the presence of
microorganisms in the MSAF in utero suggest that the meconium in the fetus does contain microorganisms.
These microorganisms present in MSAF and meconium may cause intrauterine infection, chorioamnionitis in
mothers, neonatal sepsis, and pneumonitis in neonates. In addition, this review discusses the fetal inflammatory
response to MAS. The combined involvement of obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatricians in prevention and
treatment further reduces MAS cases. Understanding the microorganisms and drug-resistant patterns in neonates
with MSAF aids in diagnosing and prescribing antibiotics, which is vital in antibiotic stewardship for managing
neonates with MAS.

Role of Efflux Pumps in Multidrug Resistance

Abhishek Gaurav — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Multidrug resistance (MDR) in infections and cancer has been considered one of the biggest public
health threats and usually renders current treatments useless. Efflux pumps or transmembrane proteins ubiquitous
across organic domains actively extrude therapeutic markers and reduce intracellular drug concentrations. This
evaluation affords a dialogue of the type, mechanisms, and scientific significance of efflux pumps in microbial
and oncological resistance and modern-day and emerging strategies for his or her inhibition. Efflux pumps cause
MDR by way of eliminating diverse drugs from microbial and cancer cells, which ultimately results in treatment
failure. In the case of pathogens, for example, contamination with AcrA (Periplasmic adaptor protein), AcrB
(Resistance-nodulation-division [RND]-type inner membrane protein), TolC (outer membrane channel), and
MexA (periplasmic adaptor protein), MexA (RND-type transporter), and OprM (outer membrane channel) protein
pumps lowers the effectiveness of antibiotics. The different example is a tumor wherein chemotherapy becomes
controlled using an overproduction of drug transport ATP-binding cassette (ABCs) like P-glycoprotein, which
reduces drug accessibility. Methods: A thorough literature review was conducted focusing on the molecular
mechanisms, law, and healing concentrated on of efflux pumps in the course of MDR in each instance, together
with microbes and cancer models. Results: Several efflux structures, inclusive of ABC, resistance-nodulation
cell division, major facilitator superfamily, small MDR, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion families,
paint significantly in opposition to MDR. Their expression is regulated by way of strain-responsive genes,
exceptional signaling pathways, and epigenetic changes. Some high strategies are efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs),
nanocarriers, and gene-modifying techniques. Discussion: Although efflux pumps are often responsible for MDR,
the mechanisms display a few overlaps in microbes and most cancers. Clinical translation, however, is hampered
by multifactorial demanding situations consisting of pump redundancy, toxicities of EPIs, and interindividual
variability. Moving forward, customized remedies and selective EPIs look promising. Conclusion: Hence, the
relation of efflux pumps to MDR is clear. Strategies to overcome their challenges have an impact on the need to,
with the aid of necessity, be particular, low-toxicity interventions, and use personalized remedies to maximize
healing and treatment efficacy against resistant infections and cancers

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Bridging Nanotechnology, Precision Medicine, and Clinical Translation

Abhishek Gaurav — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The targeted drug delivery system marks one of the biggest developments in pharmaceutical sciences since it
allows for organ-specific drug localization, controlled release, and, consequently, improved therapeutic efficacy
with concomitant decrease in systemic toxicity. A focused approach through passive mechanisms of drug delivery
under the control of the enhanced permeability and retention effect or active drug delivery under the control of
ligand-receptor interactions is systematically discussed in this review. Different delivery platforms from liposomes,
niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and hydrogels to biodegradable microspheres and microfluidic-based systems
are discussed concerning their design principles, fabrication methods, surface modification strategies, and kinetics
of drug release. With applications in cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders, where the breakdown
of biological barriers and minimizing the adverse effects are essential, the clinical relevance of these delivery
systems is also discussed. Thereafter, this article reviews some of the major challenges to clinical translation of
these promising systems, such as toxicity, immunogenicity, biological barriers, scale of manufacture, regulatory
pathway, and interpatient variability. Trends of great interest that are being highlighted include responsive smart
carriers, theranostic platforms, personalized medicine, and artificial-intelligence-assisted formulation design.
Thus, it presents an integrated perspective on the nuances behind targeted drug delivery, the recent advancements,
limitations, and future trajectories of therapeutic systems, in an effort to bring to the fore safer and clinically
translatable therapeutic systems

Unlocking the Potential of Pyrazines: Structure–Activity Relationship Driven Studies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chanda Ranjan — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the diseases that has affected a wide population in the world, and due to the constant
development of resistance, it has necessitated the development of potent drugs that can show anti-tubercular
activity on the resistant strains as well. Among nitrogen-containing heterocycles, pyrazine has attracted significant
attention in medicinal chemistry due to its chemical simplicity and adaptability in drug design. The current review
provides the summary of pharmacological aspects of pyrazine derivatives as an anti-tubercular agent, focusing
on examining the structure–activity relationship (SAR) trends, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
as well as the key modifications, such as integrating the electron-withdrawing groups, heterocyclic linkers, and
lipophilic side chains, that have led to the discovery of potent anti-tubercular drugs. The SAR studies suggest that
the addition of electron-withdrawing groups and heterocyclic linkers has resulted in compounds with improved
efficacy compared to the pyrazinamide. The evidence also provides significant insights into the therapeutic
potential of pyrazine derivatives as scaffolds for next-generation anti-TB drugs.

A Review on Herbal Ointment

Sandip Sonwane — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ointments are semisolid dosage forms that frequently exhibit viscoelastic behavior when subjected to shear stress.
They contain medicinal ingredients and are frequently applied topically to the body for therapeutic purposes.
Many medications that are applied topically to skin or mucous membranes, whether intact or injured, have a
semisolid consistency and go by various names, including pastes, ointments, and creams. Usually, it is applied as a
protective or emollient layer to the skin. Herbal formulations may contain active ingredients, herbal components,
or both. Created herbal mixtures or a combination of numerous prepared herbal combinations containing herbal
ingredients. Herbal medications are made using processes such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation,
purification, concentration, or fermentation of herbal ingredients. In addition to various dosage forms, herbal
drugs are commonly used as ointments.

Unraveling Glioblastoma: An Integrative Review of Genomics, Immunology, and Clinical Approaches

Dr. Cyril Sajan — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Children are at a lower risk of developing glioblastoma compared to adults. Although it is uncommon, existing
studies indicate that juvenile glioblastoma is markedly different from its adult counterpart. These variations are
related to molecular genetics, the efficacy of supplementary treatments, and potentially the results following
therapy. Recent advancements in translational research have provided a significant number of new insights into
juvenile glioblastomas, presenting substantial opportunities for future therapeutic approaches. This chapter seeks
to emphasize the main clinical characteristics of pediatric glioblastoma, incorporating recent advancements in
clinical and laboratory research.

3D Printing in Dentistry and Targeted Drug Delivery: A New Era of Personalized and Precision Medicine

Abhilasha Waghadkar — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, a transformative additive manufacturing technology, has ushered in a new era
of personalized and precision medicine in both dentistry and drug delivery. This review explores the evolution
and integration of 3D printing with digital workflows such as computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing, highlighting its application in fabricating custom dental prostheses, orthodontic aligners, surgical
guides, and implant planning tools. It also examines the development of patient-specific drug delivery systems
using 3D-printed devices with programmable release profiles, tailored for pediatric, geriatric, and chronic disease
management. Core printing technologies such as stereolithography, digital light processing, selective laser sintering,
fused deposition modeling, and photopolymer jetting are compared based on precision, material compatibility,
and clinical use. The review further delves into recent advancements in regenerative dentistry, such as bioactive
scaffolds and stem-cell-loaded constructs for tissue engineering. Challenges like biomaterial cytotoxicity, post
processing inaccuracies, regulatory gaps, and cost barriers are analyzed alongside emerging solutions. Future
directions, including four-dimensional materials, artificial intelligence-driven predictive modeling, point-of-care
manufacturing, and sustainable printing materials, are proposed. This synthesis bridges engineering and clinical
practice, underlining the profound potential of 3D printing to transform oral healthcare and drug therapy delivery

Overview of Multi-Unit Pellet Systems

Sunita N. Vaidya — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

When an elderly patient requires a customized release pattern for a medication, an oral route of administration
presents a challenge because the patient may find it difficult to swallow. In situations where rapid disintegration
without sacrificing the original release profile is preferred, multiparticulates are the recommended dose form.
As will be discussed later in this review article, compressed multi-particulate systems made using pellets have
a number of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and commercial benefits. It covers not only the various kinds
of controlled-discharge pellets that may be condensed, forming multiple unit pellet systems (MUPS) but also the
characteristics of those pellets, the core material, and the compressible excipients that control how the pellets
compress. In addition, a thorough discussion of the physicochemical characteristics of pellets and MUPS formation
techniques is provided in this article.

Global Adoption of Telepharmacy: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implementation Strategies

Abdulrahman AlQahtani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Telepharmacy, a rapidly evolving telehealth application, has the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery by
providing remote pharmaceutical services, improving access to care, and addressing healthcare disparities. This
review examines the global adoption of telepharmacy, focusing on the challenges, opportunities, and implementation
strategies across various countries. While developed nations such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and the
United Kingdom have successfully integrated telepharmacy into their healthcare systems, low- and middle-income
countries (LMICs) face significant barriers to adoption. These obstacles include inadequate technological
infrastructure, a lack of regulatory frameworks, financial constraints, workforce limitations, and cultural resistance.
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of telepharmacy worldwide, highlighting its potential to
ensure the continuity of care and improve patient outcomes. However, the implementation of telepharmacy in
LMICs remains hindered by digital literacy gaps, data privacy concerns, and limited awareness among health
care professionals and the public. In Saudi Arabia, the adoption of telepharmacy is gaining momentum; however,
challenges persist, including the need for comprehensive regulatory structures, technological advancements, and
cultural acceptance. To fully harness the benefits of telepharmacy, policymakers, healthcare organizations, and
technology providers must collaborate to establish supportive regulations, invest in digital infrastructure, provide
training for healthcare professionals, and promote public awareness. By leveraging the lessons learned from
successful telepharmacy models and addressing context-specific challenges, countries can optimize the delivery of
pharmaceutical care, improve medication adherence, and enhance patient outcomes in the digital era.

Dexterity and Motor Skill Development in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

R. Rajab Ali — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The ability to work with accuracy and perfect harmony is essential for safe, effective dental care. Every clinician
relies on established motor skills to manage activities effectively and minimize strain, whether they are performing
everyday care or complex treatments. Over time, developments in digital simulations and motor learning theory
have altered how these crucial skills are taught in dental colleges. This review aims to study the development of
motor skills in dentistry, emphasizing training methodologies and assessment techniques for recording progress. It
also takes into account the increasing influence of digital tools, such as virtual reality and interactive simulations,
for enhancing experiential learning. The reviewed previous studies were in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and
Google Scholar. The selected literature searched for terms such as motor learning, psychomotor skills, dexterity
evaluation, and dental education. That developing efficient motor abilities needs far more than practice. Both
traditional and contemporary training methods, such as optimal theory and schema theory, provide insight into
how motivation and feedback lead to improved skills. Dental students benefit from modern methods that use
haptic instruments and virtual reality to practice fine movements and enhance precision. Motor skills are not
only a component of dental education but are vital for competent clinical practice. Dental schools can help future
professionals succeed by combining targeted instruction, practical experience, and acute use of technology.

Etiology Symptomatology and Management Strategies for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Physical and emotional symptoms that start a week or two before your menstruation are referred to as premenstrual
syndrome (PMS). The severe form of PMS is also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hormonal shifts
happening during the early luteal phase are the major reason for it. The symptoms begin after the ovulation
and intensify during the time of menstruation. The hormonal shifts occurring during the luteal phase before
menstruation lead to PMS. There are two types of symptoms, namely, physical and emotional/behavioral
symptoms. Anxiety, depression, bloating, and breast tenderness are some of the symptoms occurring in the late
luteal phase of menstruation. The severity of PMS symptoms may vary among individuals based on their BMI,
habits such as caffeine intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption. PMS can be treated using pharmacological and
non-pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological methods are the best way as they lessen the side effects
caused due to medication. Lifestyle modifications play an important role in treating the PMS symptoms. Regular
exercise, a change in sleep pattern, and avoiding tobacco are some of the lifestyle changes that can reduce the pain
and severity caused by PMS. Early diagnosis also helps in reducing the symptoms. The severe PMS symptoms
result in the diminishing work productivity and relationship problems

P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Review of Mechanisms and Emerging

Gomathi Swaminathan — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of age-related memory impairment, progressively
eroding an individual’s ability to retain personal memories, recognize familiar faces, and engage with daily life,
while posing a substantial and growing burden on global healthcare systems. Extensive research has established
that chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes are central to AD pathophysiology, with
increasing attention focused on the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). This ligand-gated ion channel is markedly
upregulated in AD and is implicated in multiple pathological events, including amyloid-β plaque accumulation,
neurofibrillary tangle formation, microglial activation, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, and
sustained inflammatory signaling. Through these interconnected mechanisms, P2X7R contributes to neuronal
injury and progressive cognitive decline. Due to its central involvement in converging disease pathways, P2X7R
has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of P2X7R in
AD pathogenesis and highlights emerging pharmacological strategies aimed at modulating this receptor, offering
potential avenues for slowing disease progression and improving therapeutic outcomes in individuals with AD.

Health Benefits of the most Popular Alternative Sweetener, Stevia rebaudiana

Madhuben Sharma — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Known for its natural sweetening properties, Stevia rebaudiana is among the most popular species belonging
to the Asteraceae family. The genus Stevia comprises 154 species, including the Paraguayan sweet plant.
Various glycosides found in the shrub’s leaves impart it a sweet taste but have no caloric value. However, only S.
rebaudiana has the ultimate level of sweetness among these species. Stevia extracts are high in steviol glycosides,
which are sweetening agents that have antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. This review’s primary
goal is to provide a current summary of stevia’s antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties as well as
its immune-boosting properties. In addition to its health benefits, stevia has been used in industry, specifically
as food and food ingredients; as a substitute for sucrose; as animal feed and fertilizer; and as a solubilizing or
foaming agent

Natural Compound Apigenin Ameliorates Skin Inflammation

Aarti S. Zanwar — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The skin functions as the primary protective barrier, mitigating oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet radiation
and other components from the environment. It blocks viruses, allergens, and other harmful agents from entering
the body. An excessive immune response to these substances can lead to severe skin conditions such as dermatitis,
vitiligo, and cancer. The flavonoid family includes kempferol, luteolin, quercetin, and apigenin. Due to its
numerous biological effects, apigenin has been used as a dietary supplement. Studies have demonstrated that it
alleviates skin inflammation by suppressing key inflammatory markers and molecular pathways. In this review, we
discuss the current understanding of skin inflammation and how apigenin formulation reduces skin inflammation.

Therapeutic Approaches in Adult Orthodontic-Restorative Patients with Dental Anomalies: A Narrative Review

Felwa Sulaiman AlHudaithi — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This narrative review (2023–2025) summarizes the treatment of adult orthodontic-restorative patients with different
dental anomalies, such as hypodontia, microdontia, or enamel anomaly. It is, therefore, extremely important to
have an interdisciplinary and digitally guided approach while managing adult dental anomalies. Digital dentistry,
supported by cone beam computed tomography, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, and
Digital Smile Design, enables diagnosis, treatment planning, as well as the interdisciplinary approach to be more
effectively realized. Research comparing clear aligners and fixed appliances revealed that although the results
regarding alignment are similar between the two systems, clear aligners are more comfortable to wear, easier
to maintain, and cleaner, as well as esthetically pleasing. Fixed appliances are still critical for mainly severe
malocclusions that need to be treated. In restoring teeth using ceramic veneer bonding to crowns on enamel, the
survival rate is above 90%, whereas composite bonded crowns fail readily. The existing technique is thereby
shifted by present restorative techniques toward the preservation of enamel and minimally invasive techniques
using bioactive materials. Orthodontic alignment in combination with restorative excellence offers digital control
over the predicted function and esthetics of a case. It is, therefore, extremely important to have an interdisciplinary
and digitally guided approach while managing adult dental anomalies.

Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy in Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Adherence, and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Dr. Mohd Imran — Fri, 23 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension remains a leading contributor to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the
availability of effective pharmacological treatments, optimal blood pressure (BP) control continues to be suboptimal
in many populations, mainly due to poor medication adherence. Fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapies, which
incorporate two or more antihypertensive agents into a single formulation, have been proposed as a strategy to
enhance adherence and improve clinical outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness,
safety, compliance, and cost-effectiveness of FDC antihypertensive therapies in comparison to monotherapy or
free-pill combinations in adults diagnosed with primary hypertension. A comprehensive search of the PubMed,
Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases was conducted for studies published between January 2020 and June
2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and observational studies that reported at least one
relevant clinical outcome, such as changes in BP, adherence levels, cardiovascular event incidence, safety profiles,
or economic impact. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria, representing a range of populations and
healthcare settings. The findings consistently indicated that FDC therapies were associated with greater reductions
in both systolic and diastolic BP, improved treatment adherence, and comparable or superior safety outcomes
relative to conventional therapeutic regimens. The methodological quality of the included studies was generally
high, with most trials assessed as having low risk of bias and observational studies rated as moderate-to-high
quality. Moreover, several studies highlighted the potential economic benefits of FDCs, including reduced pill
burden and enhanced treatment efficiency. Collectively, the evidence supports the broader adoption of FDCs as
an effective, safe, and scalable approach for the management of hypertension, particularly in resource-constrained
settings and among high-risk patient groups.

Rifampicin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Targeted Tuberculosis Therapy: Enhancing Delivery and Efficacy

Mohd Imran — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with limitations in the present drug regimens, including

poor bioavailability, systemic side effects, and the emergence of multidrug resistance. Rifampicin (RMP), a firstline anti-TB drug, suffers from rapid metabolism, limited tissue penetration, and poor targeting, necessitating

frequent dosing. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer a promising strategy to address these challenges

by enhancing targeted delivery, reducing toxicity, and improving therapeutic efficacy. A disruptive solution

to these challenges is presented by nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In this review, we examine

various studies on RMP-loaded nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers (such

as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles), metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles. These carriers

enhance the stability of the drug, facilitate its controlled release, and target its delivery to TB-infected tissues and

macrophages. Nanocarriers loaded with RMP have a high potential for transforming TB treatment because they

are more effective, have fewer systemic adverse effects, and are part of combating TB drug resistance on a global

scale.

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Diseases: Bytes for Beating Hearts

S. Lakshmi Manideep Royal — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading culprit of death in the entire world. It poses one of the grave and rising
burdens on healthcare systems. In this case, artificial intelligence (AI), especially its parts, machine learning and
deep learning, has become a valuable companion of clinicians who are no longer seeing it as a subject of scientific
curiosity. This review paper will look at the influence of AI in the practice of modern cardiology. We discuss how
AI is transforming cardiovascular imaging by simplifying complex diagnosis and revealing subtle problems in
echocardiography and advanced syjtrtcans. We consider the spectacular recovery of the electrocardiogram. This
is possible with the assistance of AI to foresee future arrhythmia and unseen heart diseases on just a normal,
uninstructed tracing. We also discuss the trend toward much more personalized risk assessment, going far
beyond the scoring systems developed in the past. Nevertheless, there are pitfalls on the way to the algorithm
and clinics. In this review, the reviewer examines the four main challenges of data bias, the black box issue of
explanation, regulatory complications, and the introduction into clinical practice. When examining further what
these opportunities and challenges may mean in India, we propose that AI is not a replacement for clinicians.
Rather, it is a device to provide augmented intelligence with a future of more predictive, precise, and preventive
cardiovascular healthcare.

Unraveling Migraine: Inflammation, Genetics, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

S. Lakshmi Manideep Royal — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Migraine is a profoundly disabling neurological disorder, long misunderstood and trivialized as a simple headache.
Its true nature, however, is that of a complex brain state, rooted in genetic susceptibility and manifested through
a cascade of inflammatory and neurovascular events. This review article seeks to unravel the intricate threads of
migraine pathophysiology, charting the scientific journey that has transformed our understanding. We begin by
deconstructing the historical “vascular theory,” replacing it with the modern neurovascular model, which places
the brain at the center of the disorder. We then provide a deep dive into the inflammatory cascade of an attack,
detailing the pivotal role of the trigeminovascular system and the neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
(CGRP) – a target whose inhibition has revolutionized treatment. The article then explores the genetic architecture
of migraine, from the rare, illuminating channelopathies of Familial Hemiplegic Migraine that provided the first
molecular clues, to the large-scale genomic studies that have painted a picture of a polygenic, hyperexcitable
“migraine brain.” Finally, building on this foundation of knowledge, we survey the exciting horizon of emerging
therapeutic targets that lie beyond CGRP, including the PACAP pathway, novel ion channel modulators, and next
generation serotonin agonists. By weaving together the strands of inflammation and genetics, we present a holistic
view of migraine and look toward a future of increasingly precise and personalized medicine.

Harnessing Bioengineered Exosomes for Chronic Wound Repair Mechanisms, Strategies, and Applications

Abhilasha Waghadkar — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chronic wounds pose a persistent clinical challenge due to delayed healing, heightened infection risk, and the
limited efficacy of existing therapies. Exosome-based, cell-free interventions have emerged as promising options
exploiting the inherent capacity of exosomes to regulate inflammation, stimulate angiogenesis, and orchestrate
extracellular matrix transformation. The current assessment highlights new mechanisms, namely, that bioengineered
exosomes facilitate wound repair, together with a focus on their roles in immune transition, vascularization,
scar reduction, antimicrobial activity, and oxidative stress reduction. We present recent bioengineering strategies,
including heritable modification, preconditioning, the integration of biomaterials, and veneer functionalization,
which enhance exosome firmness, targeting, and curative efficacy. Preclinical research on chronic wound models,
such as diabetic ulcers and burns, is critically analyzed alongside a discussion of translational difficulties aimed
at scalability, safety, and standardization. Rising trends, including artificial intelligence-powered design and 3D
bioprinting, are exploring their potential to innovate regenerative medicine. This assessment aims to inform and
encourage future innovations in bioengineered exosomes for chronic wound repair by consolidating current signs
and analyzing discrepancies

Phytopharmaceutical Formulation Development of a Flavonoid Isolated from Saraca asoca Bark for Antidepressant Activity

Neelkant Prasad — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: The objective of the study was to design and evaluate phytopharmaceutical Formulation of flavonoid
isolated from Saraca asoca bark for antidepressant activity. Materials and Methods: A silica gel column (60–120
mesh) chromatography method was used to separate the phytoconstituent from the ethanolic extract of S. asoca
bark. Direct compression was used to manufacture the mouth-dissolving tablets, which were subsequently
assessed for antidepressant activity and other tablet evaluation tests in rats (Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
reference number Pharma/FMHS/SGTU/1182), dated 20 September 2021. Results: The produced tablets were
mechanically sound, as evidenced by their hardness values of 2.95 ± 0.43 kg/cm2
to 3.85 ± 0.34 kg/cm2
and
friability levels of 0.32–0.54%. Weight variation test results were also within tolerance limits, ranging from 3.01%
to 4.54% of the mean weight of 10 pills. The tablets were also found to be consistently within the recommended
range of 95–105%, with a drug content uniformity test score of 97.83 ± 1.23% to 100.85 ± 1.22%. Disintegration
time, 19 s to 55 s, and dispersion time, 60 s to 115 s, were also fine. The optimized formulation demonstrated
antidepressant activity, as evidenced by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in immobility time in both tail suspension
test and forced swim test, as well as a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in brain tissue glutamate and nitrite levels
in mice treated with the formulation compared to the negative control, as did by the standard drug fluoxetine.
Conclusion: Dispersion time has been used to find out the best the formulation. The prepared best formulation,
having a minimum dispersion time of 60 s, that is, F12, was observed to obey with entire physical parameters as
well as antidepressant action.

Evaluation the Impact of Pharmacist Lead Medication Counseling in Oncology Wards

Khames T. Alzahrani — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Cancer remains one of the most significant global health challenges, causing over 10 million
deaths in 2020 and projected to reach 22 million new cases annually by 2040. Disparities in early diagnosis
and effective treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, contribute to higher mortality rates.
Chemotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, often used in combination regimens or alongside targeted
therapies and immunotherapy to enhance outcomes. However, adherence to treatment remains a challenge, and the
role of pharmacists in supporting oncology patients through education and counseling has shown promising yet
underexplored results in certain settings. Objective: Our study aims to assess patients’ perceptions, experiences,
and satisfaction in general with specialized clinical pharmacist consultations while receiving oral chemotherapy
in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in the oncology wards of
tertiary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia between July 2025 and December 2025. Adult cancer patients receiving oral
chemotherapy were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a culturally adapted version
of the Cancer Services Pharmacist Questionnaire, which included demographic information and 16 items rated
on a 5-point Likert scale to assess perceived benefits of pharmacist counseling, patient confidence, knowledge
gained, medication adherence, and availability of support services. A scoring system based on Bloom’s cut-off
points was used to categorize awareness levels as good, moderate, or poor. Results: The participant cohort was
majority female (≈80%), highly educated (62.3% with bachelor’s degrees), with a mean age of 37.5 years. About
one-third reported personal/family cancer history; most had never previously received pharmacist counseling
(79.3%). Following intervention, 85% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that clinical pharmacists play
a key role in inpatient care, medication management, enhancing outcomes, and reducing medication errors.
Awareness of pharmacist contributions was high (56.4% high, 30.7% moderate). Awareness levels were
significantly associated with gender, age, income, residential area, educational level, marital status, oncology
admission, and prior counseling (all P < 0.05). Disagreement on pharmacist value or knowledge was rare (<3%).
Conclusion: Structured pharmacist-led counseling in oncology wards substantially increases patient awareness
and positive perceptions of pharmacists’ roles, supporting recommendations for expanded pharmacist involvement
in cancer care teams in Saudi Arabia.

Green Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Development for Resveratrol in Liposomal Formulation: A Quality-by-Design Approach

Dr. Nayeem A. Khatib — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: A robust and environmentally sustainable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(RP-HPLC) method was developed and optimized for the quantification of resveratrol using a quality-by-design
approach. Materials and Methods: Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the influence of three
critical chromatographic parameters, organic phase percentage, flow rate, and column temperature on retention
time, tailing factor, and theoretical plates. A polynomial regression model and analysis of variance were used to
analyze interactions and derive optimal conditions, which were validated by residual and perturbation plots, 3D
response surface analysis, and overlay plots. Results and Discussion: The optimized method demonstrated high
reproducibility and precision, with linearity (R² > 0.999) over the 2–10 µg/mL range, and limit of detection and
limit of quantification values of 0.25 µg/mL and 0.81 µg/mL, respectively. Comprehensive method validation
was performed by ICH Q2 (R1 & R2) guidelines. Parameters, including system suitability, accuracy (% recovery
of 97.8–100.2%), precision (%RSD < 2%), and robustness, confirmed the method’s reliability. The method was
effectively applied to quantify resveratrol in liposomal formulations, which exhibited excellent encapsulation
efficiency (87.03%) and recovery rates (96.35–99.5%). Greenness and whiteness of the method were evaluated
using the Complex Green Analytical Procedure Index, Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE), AGREE
prep, Analytical Eco-Scale, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI). All tools collectively indicated excellent
environmental and operational compatibility, with AGREE and BAGI scores of 0.74 and 77.5, respectively.
Conclusion: This verifies the method’s environmental friendliness and practical usefulness, making it a suitable
contender for high-throughput pharmaceutical analysis and sustainable laboratory procedures.

Formulation of Sun Screen Gel by Incorporating Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Its Evaluation

V. Sarovar Reddy — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The aim of sunscreen gel by incorporating active ingredient in the range of nano particle size, i.e., titanium
dioxide is against sun screen and suntan preparations is to assist the skin painful effects and as a good cosmetic for
well-being. Materials and Methods: The combination of ingredients were used, such as titanium dioxide, raspberry
oil, Jojoba oil, carbopal, polyethylene glycol, methyl paraben, glycerin and rose oil, and distilled water. The titanium
dioxide nanoparticles were used as good cosmetic and act against sun screen effect as a sunscreen agent, Jojoba
oil and raspberry oil were also used as sunscreen agents, in the present investigation. Carbopal was used as gelling
agent and poly ethylene glycol as emollient, glycerin for glossy effect and moisturizing agent, methylparaben as
preservative, rose oil as flavoring agent and distilled water used as aqueous phase. The formulations were made
by mixing the mentioned ingredients in different proportions by coding F1 to F6 to conclude the best among the
prepared formulations for further scope of research. The prepared formulation for evaluated for suitable parameters
such as physical appearance/visual inspection, skin irritation, determination of pH, perfume stability, spreadability,
viscosity, and sun protection factor (SPF). Results and Discussion: All the formulations showed a white color
appearance with a pleasant odor and good perfume stability. The pH for F1 to F6 were 6.2, 6.5, 6.4, 6.8, 6.5, and
7.0, and all the formulations do not show any skin irritation and spreadability shows from average to very good. The
viscosity values for F1 were 3101, for F2 were 3216, for F3 were 3315, for F4 were 3418, for F5 were 3400, and
for F6 were 3627. For the SPF, an in vitro method is performed using the Mansur equation, and the obtained grade
of SPF is high-to-very high protection. Conclusion: After performing all the necessary evaluation tests to decide
the best formulation among the prepared, the F6 formulation was selected as best formulation.

Comparative Analysis of Proximate Composition, Phenolic, and Flavonoid Content of Selected Cereal Flours from Haryana, India

Dr. Rekha Kaushik — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cereal grains are a part of the Indian diet, with wheat being the most widely consumed. However, the
increasing demand for nutrient-dense and functional foods has shifted consumer interest in millets and sorghum due
to their superior nutritional and bioactive properties. Objectives: This study compared the proximate composition,
total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of selected millet flours, sorghum, and wheat flour
commonly available in India. Materials and Methods: Standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists
methods were used for proximate analysis, whereas TPC and TFC were quantified using spectrophotometric
assays. Results: The results showed significant differences among the cereals. Wheat flour exhibited the highest
protein (13.68 ± 0.11 g/100 g) content but had the lowest TPC and TFC values, indicating limited phytochemical
richness. In contrast, sorghum flour demonstrated significantly higher TPC (6.32 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g) and TFC
(2.49 ± 0.35 mg QE/g) compared to pearl millet, finger millet, and wheat, highlighting its potential as a functional
grain with strong antioxidant properties. Millet flours exhibited higher dietary fiber and ash content compared to
wheat. The fiber content of finger millet was 4.78 ± 0.02 g/100 g, which is the highest among the other samples.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings emphasize that while wheat flour remains valuable for its protein contribution,
sorghum and millets are superior in terms of phytochemical composition and functional potential. These insights
support the diversification of cereal consumption patterns in India, encouraging the inclusion of sorg

Harnessing Air Vaidya Herbal Dhoopa Fumes for COVID-19: A Compositional Analysis and Therapeutic Potential

K. Ramachandra Reddy — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: The rapid and global spread of COVID-19 has highlighted the limitations of existing vaccines and
treatments, underscoring the urgent need for safe, effective, and complementary preventive strategies. Ayurvedic
medicine, with its time-tested traditional methodologies and herbal formulations, offers promising solutions.
Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Air Vaidya Herbal Dhoopa (AVHD) stick, a traditional herbal
fumigation formulation, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objectives:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Air Vaidya Herbal Dhoopa (AVHD) in vivo and to analyze its structural
and elemental composition using advanced imaging techniques, including transmission electron microscopy and
scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Conclusion: The compositional and structural
analysis revealed key bioactive components that support the antiviral potential of the formulation. The findings
suggest that AVHD sticks could serve as a viable and integrative preventive approach in the management of SARSCoV-2 infections, aligning with the principles of Ayurveda to enhance community health and resilience.

Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Development and Estimation of Sulbactam and Durlobactam 1 g of Injection in Parenteral Dosage Form and Bulk

Roopa Redamala — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: A straightforward, stability-indicating, and reliable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) technique has been validated and created for the concurrent estimation of sulbactam and durlobactam in both
pharmaceutical and bulk dosage forms, including degradation studies, which are forced. Materials and Methods: The
immobile phase utilized for separation is a SunFire C18 HPLC column with a particle size of 5 μm, measuring L ×
I.D. 250 mm × 4.6 mm. Mobile phase consists of methanol and 0.01N KH2
PO4
in a 70:30 ratio, maintained at a rate
of flow of 1 mL/min, with a maximum wavelength set at 248 nm. The temperature was established at 30°C. The
average retention time (R.T.) for sulbactam and durlobactam was recorded as 3.552 and 2.483 min, respectively.
Results: The relative standard deviation values for sulbactam and durlobactam were determined to be 0.3 and 0.6,
respectively. Recovery rates were achieved at 99.85% for sulbactam and 100.31% for durlobactam. The limit of
detection and limit of quantification values derived from the regression equations for sulbactam and durlobactam
were 0.41, 1.24 and 0.46, 1.39, respectively. The regression equation for sulbactam is expressed as y = 16378x +
8015.2, whereas for durlobactam, it is also y = 16364x + 7769.9. Both recovery tests and statistical validation of the
approach were carried out. The mentioned compounds, whether in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations, have
been successfully analyzed using the recommended approach with good accuracy and precision. This technique can
be applied to pharmaceutical compositions for routine medication analysis and quality monitoring. Conclusion:
Precision, Accuracy, LOD, LOQ & Robustness were among the validation metrics & found to be acceptable limits.
The recovery percentage for Sulbactam and Durlobactam were found to be 99.93% & 99.91%.

Anticancer Potential of Tabernaemontana divaricata Extracts against HeLa and Vero Cell Lines

J. Jovila — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The history of India has recorded about its ancient medical practices, which date back to centuries when
the use of green plants of various kinds was used to treat most of the diseases in such critical periods. Such one is the
perennial evergreen shrub Tabernaemontana divaricata, which has been used as traditional medicine. It is mainly
famous with its phenols and flavonoids. These compounds are associated with different pharmacological activities.
Objective: Therefore, the leaves of T. divaricata were collected, extracted, and studied in this research to establish
their anticancer effects. Nevertheless, its anticancer properties have received less research; hence, the objective of the
research was to examine the in vitro anticancer effects of T. divaricata leaf extract isolated with the aid of a crude
solvent extraction. Materials and Methods: Past research has demonstrated that it has possible anti-inflammatory,
anti-microbial, and antioxidant properties. The anticancer activity was confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay used to evaluate the inhibition of cell growth in the in vitro anticancer research
that was done on Vero and HeLa cell lines. Results: The findings revealed the anti-cancer activity of T. divaricata on
the HeLa cell lines. In addition, docking showed that 2,2-dibromocholestanone has high binding affinity to Caspase
3, p53, and nuclear factor kappa -B and indicates potential use in anticancer. Conclusion: These results indicate the
potential anticancer properties of T. divaricata leaf extract and support its possible use in anticancer research.

Effect of Cyclosporine on the Cortex of the Kidney and the Ameliorative Effect of Melatonin: Microscopic and Ultrastructural Alterations

Ali Hassan A. Ali — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive medication that has been used to treat autoimmune
disorders and has enhanced the quality of life and survival rate of transplant recipients. However, a number of adverse
effects, chief among them nephrotoxicity, restrict its use. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone released by the
pineal gland. Melatonin has antioxidant qualities. Melatonin is an antioxidant found to reduce Cyclosporine toxicity.
Aim of the work: The study aims to discover the kidney’s reaction to cyclosporine exposure and explore the protective
function of melatonin. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were used in the research. They were
separated into three groups, with Group A serving as the control group and not receiving any medication. Ten rats in
Group B (the cyclosporine-treated group) were given a subcutaneous injection of cyclosporine at a dose of 15 mg/
kg/day for 40 days. Ten rats make up Group C, the group that received melatonin treatment. They were given the
same intraperitoneal injection of cyclosporine and melatonin at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day in saline. The specimens were
prepared for both light and electron microscopic examination at the completion of the study. Results: Cyclosporine
causes morphological alterations in the kidney, including lobulation of glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle and
enlargement of the urinary space with congestion. The proximal convoluted tubules had uneven cell degeneration and
brush boundary disintegration. The peritubular capillaries were clogged and extravasated, and the distal convoluted
tubules degenerated, with some cells inside the lumen exfoliating. In addition, the effects of cyclosporine are lessened
when melatonin is administered with it. Conclusion: Through oxidative stress, cyclosporine damages the kidneys,
while melatonin, an antioxidant, reduces but does not completely prevent these damages

A Novel Methodology of Convergence Angle Assessment Using Professional Computer-Aided Design Software

Samar Abuzinadah — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Convergence angle (CA) is a key determinant of tooth preparation quality, yet its ideal range is difficult
to achieve and accurately measure in clinical settings. Existing research mainly reports CA within single experience
groups and rarely evaluates operator or tooth related factors. This study introduces a novel 3D scanned methodology
to assess CA in actual patient preparations, addressing gaps in previous literature. Purpose of the study: The purpose
of the study is to evaluate the CA of coronal preparation of actual patients utilizing 3D digitally scanned models and
professional computer-aided design (CAD) software. Materials and Methods: Dental stone casts were randomly
collected from dental schools, dental laboratories, and general practices. Twenty (n = 20) preparations were randomly
selected from the collected stone casts of each group of dental professionals (students, general practitioners, and
restorative specialists). The stone casts were 3D scanned, digitized, and saved in standard tessellation language format,
which was then imported into CAD software for evaluation by one operator to measure the CA in the digital model.
Descriptive statistics, factorial multivariate analysis of covariance, and one-way analysis of covariance analyses were
conducted on the data.

Study of the Knowledge and Practice toward Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use among Students at the King Abdulaziz University

Ayman Zaky Elsamanoudy — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice toward anabolic-androgenic steroid
(AAS) use among 337 students of King Abdul-Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A digital questionnaire
with 36 questions was used during the study. Data entry and analysis were carried out using Statistical Package
for Social Sciences version 22.0 Statistical software. The study demonstrated a significant gap in the beliefs,
knowledge, and awareness among the participants. The majority exhibited a low level of knowledge about AAS.
This was indicative of the insufficient educational programs concerning the risks associated with AAS use. The
study recommended the implementation of an effective approach in universities to govern AAS

Prevalence and Knowledge of Electronic Cigarettes among School Teachers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Yazin Nabeel Alharbi — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Electronic (E) cigarette use has skyrocketed globally since its introduction in 2004, especially among
youth and young adults. While potentially less harmful than traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes (ECs) pose serious
health risks, including cardiovascular system and respiratory system injuries. Surveys in Saudi Arabia reveal
high rates of ECs use, which has become a growing concern for schools. This study aims to assess the prevalence
knowledge of ECs among school teachers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: An anonymous self
administered online questionnaire was used to collect data, and the link was sent through WhatsApp Application
to the randomized sample of both gender teachers working at public and private schools in Jeddah City. Teachers’
responses were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 (SPSS, IBM
Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). Results: A total of 400 participants were involved in this study. Most of the
participants were females than males (73.8% versus 26.3%), in age group ≥40 (66.0%) than 30–39 years (22.3%)
and <30 years (11.8%), and teaching secondary school (43.5%). Participants said social media (52.5%) and then
their relatives and friends (41.3%) were their primary sources of ECs knowledge. More than two-thirds of them
(n = 348, 87.0%) confirmed that they had not used ECs or vaped before, while (n = 27, 6.8%) reported using it
only once or twice, 4.3% used it sometimes, and 2.0% used it constantly. The vast majority of the participants
(92.8%) identified correctly that exposing children to vaping or ECs is not safe. Conclusion: This study shows
that knowledge of electronic cigarettes among school teachers is poor and insufficient. Educational programs
about the impact of electronic cigarettes are necessary to increase awareness

Quality of Life for Post Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Patients with coronary artery disease
can benefit from a popular surgical surgery called coronary artery bypass grafting, which improves symptoms,
mortality rates, and quality of life (QoL), this study aims to assess quality of life for post-coronary artery bypass
grafting in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to January 2025.
The electronic online questionnaire was published through social media in all regions of Saudi Arabia. It consisted
of socio-demographic data, past medical and surgical history, and questions related to QoL. The collected data were
analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program version. Results: The study was conducted
on 402 post-coronary artery bypass grafting patients in Saudi Arabia. The mean age was 57.4 years, with 53.2%
males. A high education level was noted, with 63.5% holding a bachelor’s degree or higher. Socioeconomic factors
were significant, with 40.8% earning over 15,000 SAR monthly. Satisfaction with health was reported by 67.9%,
clinical findings showed 84.8% adhered to medications, and 51.5% experienced complications. Psychological
well-being improved for 90%. Younger married males had better recovery outcomes. Conclusion: While our
study demonstrates that a significant proportion of patients operated for coronary artery bypass grafting in Saudi
Arabia experience improvements in their quality of life, it also highlights critical areas for intervention, including
pain management, lifestyle modification, and financial support

Comparison of Raters’ Reliability of Two Methods for Measuring Tooth Preparations Undercuts using Professional Computer-Aided Design Software

Abdulrahman Alhaddad — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Tooth preparation for fixed dental prostheses requires achieving adequate biological, functional,
and aesthetic requirements. One critical aspect of preparation is avoiding undercuts, which can compromise the
prosthesis’ fit, retention, and resistance. Detection of undercuts is traditionally done visually, but advancements
in computer-aided design (CAD) software provide new methods for assessing undercuts. This study compares
the reliability of two professional CAD software – Fusion 360 and ExoCad – in detecting undercuts in tooth
preparations. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two tooth preparations from 26 dental stone casts were scanned
and digitized into 3D models. Two experienced prosthodontists analyzed undercuts in the 3D models using
Fusion 360 and ExoCad. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were calculated to evaluate intra- and
inter-rater reliability between the software and operators. Results: The ICC analysis indicated excellent intra
rater reliability for one operator using both software, while the other operator showed poor to fair reliability.
Inter-rater reliability was excellent for ExoCad in some instances but varied significantly across locations and
software. The overall presence of undercuts ranged from 85.3% to 98.7%. Conclusion: Variations in undercut
detection between the software were operator-dependent, highlighting the importance of operator skill in
aligning the insertion path. Future studies should explore multi-unit preparations and unified CAD algorithms
for undercut detection

Development and Characterization of a Novel Dual Phytosome Loaded with Resveratrol and Syringic Acid for Parkinson’s Therapy

B. Ramya Kuber — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: The present study aimed to develop and evaluate phytosomal formulations of resveratrol, syringic acid, and
their combination to enhance bioavailability and neuroprotective efficacy through improved delivery across the
blood–brain barrier (BBB). Materials and Methods: Three phytosomal formulations of each resveratrol, syringic
acid, and their combination were prepared using different concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (0.5, 1.0, and
2.0%) and evaluated for yield, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency
(EE). Results: All the phytosomal formulations exhibited high percentage yield (92.6–93.3%) and EE (93.3–
96%), confirming efficient complex formation of phytoconstituents with phospholipids. The average particle size
ranged from 127 to 160 nm with a PDI between 0.13 and 0.22, indicating homogenous nanoparticle dispersion.
Zeta potential values between −14.5 mV and +14.5 mV demonstrated good colloidal stability and favorable
interaction potential with the BBB. Combination phytosomes achieved EE% of R+S+PC (1:1) (96%), indicating
effective co-loading. Particle sizes varied from 215 nm (pure syringic acid) to 157.3 nm (S+PC) (1:0.5), with
PDI values of 0.16 to 0.25 indicating moderate to good uniformity, and zeta potentials between 0.3 and 14.5 mV
suggested good colloidal stability. Melting point depression in complexes confirmed Drug–Polymer interactions
and reduced crystallinity. Conclusion: The optimized phytosomal systems displayed excellent physicochemical
stability and nanoscale characteristics conducive to enhanced absorption and brain permeability. These findings
demonstrate the successful development of resveratrol–syringic acid phytosomal formulation with high EE and
good stability that significantly contributes to synergistic neuroprotective delivery in Parkinson’s therapy. Further
in vivo evaluations are necessary to validate their therapeutic efficacy and synergistic mechanisms

Chemical Profiling of Bioactive Compounds in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Floral Petroleum Ether Extract Using GC–MS

Kajal Mudgal — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: The aim of this study was to perform a detailed GC-MS analysis of the petroleum ether extract of N. arbortristis to characterize its chemical constituents.
Objectives: 1. To prepare the petroleum ether extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis floral material. 2. To perform
GC-MS profiling of the petroleum ether extract. 3. To identify the bioactive phytochemical constituents based on
mass spectral data and library comparison.

In Vitro and In Silico Evidence for a Putative Role of Lannea coromandelica Bark’s Methanolic Extract in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

P. Sankarganesh — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of persistent inflammatory bowel disease that creates considerable
challenges to its treatment with regard to both the lack of existing medicine efficacy and the raise in side effects.
Aim and Objectives: The present paper discusses the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial
properties of the methanol extract of Lannea coromandelica bark (LcBME) to manage UC. Methodology: The
LcBME that was prepared was tested using gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) determination of
phytoingredients with previous screening to identify the presence of major phytochemicals in the LcBME. Further,
the extract was subjected to membrane stability, protein denaturation, and inhibition of albumin denaturation
studies to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl
radical scavenging assays to examine its antioxidant capacities. A resazurin microtiter method was followed to
determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) effect against Escherichia coli. Results and Discussion:
Flavonoids, diterpenes, and steroids were present in the LcBME. GC-MS analysis found several compounds,
including 3-Methylene-1,6-heptadiene, phenol, 3-methyl, 2-ethyl alpha, 3-bis(acetyloxy) benzeneacetic acid,
3-pentadecanone, E,E-6,8-tridecadien-2-ol, acetate, undecane, furfural, 2-heptanone, and 5-methoxy-methyl
ester. During anti-inflammatory studies, 500 µg/mL of the sample has membrane stability activity, protein
denaturation inhibition, and inhibition of albumin denaturation activity up to 58.5%, 65%, and 62.5%, respectively.
Similar concentration has 100% of DPPH activity and 45.6% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In the
resazurin microtiter assay, the extract produced an MIC at 125 µg/mL against E. coli. In a molecular docking
study among the 9 GC-MS compounds based
on the absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion, and toxicity property, one compound

High-fat Diet and Low-dose Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes: In Silico and in Vivo Study of Heterocyclic Derivatives

Shital S Phadtare — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: The present study aimed to design and evaluate novel heterocyclic derivatives for their antidiabetic potential
using in silico molecular docking and in vivo evaluation in a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin
(STZ)–induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Material and Methods: In silico molecular docking was performed to
assess the binding affinity and interaction patterns of the heterocyclic derivatives with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4
(DPP-4) enzyme. For in vivo evaluation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in rats by feeding an
HFD followed by administration of low-dose STZ. Antidiabetic activity was assessed using fasting blood glucose
levels and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results and Discussion: Molecular docking studies revealed
strong binding interactions of selected heterocyclic derivatives with key active-site residues of the DPP-4 enzyme.
In vivo studies demonstrated a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels and a marked improvement in
glucose tolerance in treated groups compared with diabetic control animals. Conclusion: The combined in silico
and in vivo findings indicate that the designed heterocyclic derivatives exhibit promising antidiabetic activity
in the HFD/STZ-induced type 2 diabetes model and may serve as potential lead compounds for further drug
development.

Innovative Nanosilica-Based Triple Antibiotic Paste for Effective Disruption of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: A Confocal Analysis

S. Delphine Pricilla Antony — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Management of pulp necrosis in immature teeth is challenging due to thin dentinal walls and an
open apex, making effective root canal disinfection essential. Enterococcus faecalis, a persistent endodontic
pathogen, forms resistant biofilms that are difficult to eradicate using conventional intracanal medicaments
such as calcium hydroxide (CH) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP). Incorporation of nano-silica into TAP
has been proposed to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and drug delivery. Aim: To evaluate and compare
the antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste, and nano-silica–incorporated triple
antibiotic paste against E. faecalis biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials
and Methods: Dentin specimens prepared from extracted human teeth were sterilized and inoculated with
E. faecalis to allow 7-day biofilm formation. The specimens were then treated with CH, TAP, or nano-silica
TAP for one week. Bacterial viability was assessed using SYTO 9 and propidium iodide fluorescent staining
and analyzed under CLSM. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by
Dunn’s post hoc test. Results: Nano-silica TAP demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, with a
significant reduction in E. faecalis biofilm viability compared with TAP and CH (p < 0.05). TAP alone
showed moderate antibacterial activity, while calcium hydroxide exhibited the least effectiveness, with
the highest percentage of viable bacterial cells. Conclusion: Nano-silica–incorporated triple antibiotic
paste showed superior antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis biofilms compared to conventional TAP
and calcium hydroxide. These findings indicate that nano-silica TAP is a promising intracanal medicament
for enhanced endodontic disinfection; however, further in-vivo studies are required to validate its clinical
applicability.

Microbiological Analysis of Sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai

Thangasamy Selvankumar — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections are a prominent source of morbidity and mortality in intensive care
units (ICUs), with important clinical implications for patient length of stay and medical costs. A retrospective
study was undertaken from August 2023 to July 2024, with blood samples collected from sepsis patients in the
ICU and cultivated using the BacT/ALERT 3D Automated Microbial Detection system. The VITEK2 Automated
Bacteriological Identification system was used to identify organisms and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns. Out of a total of 2031 isolates, 429 were blood isolates from patients with sepsis in the ICU. 63.3% of
specimens were from males and 36.7% were from females. Age was divided into newborns (11.4%), 1–20 years
(4.6%), 21–30 years (10.7%), 31–40 years (6.99%), 41–50 years (20.3%), 51–60 years (23.5%), 61–70 years
(13.5%), 71–80 years (7.5%), and 81–90 years (1.4%). Departments were divided into respiratory ICU (36.1%),
medical ICU (31.3%), neonatal ICU (13.5%), surgical ICU (11.6%), and pediatric ICU (6.9%). Most common
organisms isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.8%), Acinetobacter baumannii (18.1%), Escherichia coli
(17.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus (11%). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were analyzed. Highest
susceptibility on average among Gram-positive cocci: Teicoplanin (91%), linezolid (100%), and vancomycin
(100%). Highest susceptibility on average among Gram-negative bacilli: Amikacin (52.1%), imipenem (51.73%),
and meropenem (51.73%). Much of the current understanding of the burden, causative pathogens, and clinical
outcomes of sepsis is based on clinico-epidemiological studies from developed countries. However, statistics
on the microbiological landscape and resistance patterns of sepsis in intensive care settings in Asian countries,
including India, remain limited and underexplored. Multiple studies within India and globally were analyzed for
this study to identify the significance of each microbiological parameter in relation to sepsis. This study shows
the distribution of frequently encountered bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility in different ICUs in a tertiary
care hospital in Chennai. To limit the spread of multidrug-resistant diseases, different antibiotic regimens should
be explored for different wards and age groups.

Exploring the Impact of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Nanosilica- Triple Antibiotic Paste on the Embryonic Development Stages of Zebrafish

S. Delphine Pricilla Antony — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP) is widely used as an intracanal medicament in endodontics. With the
introduction of nanosilica-based formulations (Np-TAP) to enhance delivery and efficacy, concerns regarding their
potential environmental and developmental toxicity have emerged. Aim: To evaluate the developmental toxicity
of TAP and nanosilica-based TAP (Np-TAP) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by assessing hatching rates
and viability. Materials and Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to TAP and Np-TAP at concentrations
ranging from 10 to 160 µL from 24 to 96 hours post-fertilization. Untreated embryos served as controls. Embryonic
development, hatching rates, viability, and morphological changes were assessed at 24-hour intervals. Results:
Both TAP and Np-TAP induced dose-dependent delays in hatching. Lower concentrations demonstrated complete
recovery of hatching by 48 hours, whereas higher concentrations significantly inhibited hatching, with complete
absence observed at the highest doses by 96 hours. Embryo viability decreased progressively with increasing
concentration and exposure duration, despite initially being 100% across all groups. Incorporation of nanosilica
did not reduce the developmental toxicity associated with TAP. Conclusion: High concentrations of TAP and
Np-TAP adversely affect zebrafish embryonic development, indicating potential ecological risks. The addition
of nanosilica did not mitigate TAP-induced toxicity. These findings emphasize the need for precise dosing in
endodontic applications and warrant further environmental risk assessments of antibiotic-containing nanomaterials.

Evaluation of Swing-Induced Linear Vestibular Stimulation in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome Using Physiological, Psychological, and Biochemical Parameters

Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common condition in women that affects physical,
psychological, and social well-being. Linear vestibular stimulation has been proposed as a non-pharmacological
intervention for managing PMS symptoms. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of linear
vestibular stimulation in the treatment of PMS. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted
on 100 female volunteers aged 18–30 years. Linear vestibular stimulation was administered using a conventional
swing. Various physiological, hormonal, hematological, and psychological parameters were recorded before
and after the intervention and compared. Results: Serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroidstimulating hormone levels showed a gradual month-by-month decrease following linear vestibular stimulation.
Hematological analysis revealed a reduction and stabilization of monocyte counts in certain women compared
with controls. Females across different age groups and body mass index categories showed no stress-induced
increase. Lymphocyte counts significantly decreased while remaining within normal limits compared to baseline
values. Quality-of-life scores, including physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains, improved
after 2 months of stimulation. Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-42) scores for anxiety, depression, and
stress showed a decrease. However, no significant difference was observed in DASS stress levels between control
and vestibular groups before and after stimulation. Conclusion: Linear vestibular stimulation appears to be an
effective non-pharmacological approach in controlling PMS-related symptoms and improving overall well-being.

Apoptotic and Cytotoxic Effect of Nisin on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line, MDA-MB-231: One Health-Oriented Strategy for Cancer Control

Dr. T. A. Hema — Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: As one of the most prevailing cancer types, the hostile nature of breast cancer presents itself with
significant treatment challenges besides becoming resilient toward conventional therapeutic strategies, demanding
an urgent need for a better treatment option. Objectives: Hence, the study explores the anticancer potential of
nisin, a bacteriocin, synthesized by Lactococcus lactis. Materials and Methods: L. lactis, prebiotic sourced from
curd, was exposed to triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, and its cytotoxic and apoptotic
effects were evaluated. Nisin was isolated from L. lactis strain LB11 and confirmed by spectrophotometric assay
(220 nm) through comparison with standard. Nisin was then carried forward for cytotoxic assay. Results: This
revealed its ability to endorse a dose-dependent toxicity on TNBC cells (IC50 24.959 μg/mL) that were affirmed
by the morphological changes observed in treated cells such as shrinkage and loss of spindle shape, attributed
to membrane damage instigated by exposure to nisin. This was also further supported by fluorescence imaging
studies that showed treated cells with both chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, confirming early
as well as late apoptosis. Negative effect of nisin on mitochondrial membrane potential of treated cancer cells
confirmed by progressive loss of fluorescence, indicative of intrinsic apoptotic pathway, along with caspase
activation. Conclusion: These results hence affirm the capabilities of nisin to invoke cytotoxicity and apoptosis in
TNBC cells, to be used as a prospective therapeutic agent for breast cancer, aligning with sustainable development
goal of good health and well-being. However, additional studies are required to establish its suitability as an
alternative to conventional therapies.

Formulation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Cream

V. Sarovar Reddy — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The purpose of sunscreen (anti-sunburn and suntan) preparations is to assist the skin’s painful effects, and
the purpose of anti-burn preparations is to minimize the harmful effects of sunburn. The materials that are used for
the above purpose are known as sun tanning agents and sunburn preventive agents, respectively. In combination,
these are known as sunscreens. Materials and Methods: Ingredients such as zinc oxide, raspberry oil, jojoba oil,
shea butter, glycerin, liquid paraffin, tween 80, methyl paraben, rose oil, and distilled water were used. The zinc
oxide, raspberry oil, and jojoba oil were used as sunscreen agents; shea butter and liquid paraffin and polyethylene
glycol were used as emollients; glycerin was used as a glossy-effect and moisturizing agent; Tween 80 was
used as surfactant; methyl paraben was used as preservative; rose oil was used as flavoring agent; and distilled
water was used as aqueous phase. A total of six formulations were developed with different compositions of
ingredients, ranging from F1 to F6, to select the best formulation for the advancement scope of the study. The
prepared formulations were evaluated for suitable parameters such as physical appearance/visual inspection,
skin irritation, determination of pH, perfume stability, spreadability, viscosity, and sun protection factor (SPF).
Results and Discussion: All the formulations showed a white appearance with a pleasant odor and good perfume
stability. The pH for F1 to F6 was in the range of 6.3–7.0, and all the formulations did not show any skin irritation,
and spreadability ranged from average to very good. The viscosity values range between 5020 cp and 8912 cp.
For the SPF, an in vitro method was performed using the Mansur equation. Conclusion: By considering the values
from the evaluation of all from F1 to F6, the F6 formulation was selected as the best formulation.

A Cross-sectional Survey Assessing Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning Seasonal Influenza and Influenza Vaccination among Population in Aseer, Saudi Arabia

Asma Saad Habbash — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Seasonal influenza is a widespread and highly contagious illness that can impact both the upper and
lower respiratory tracts in individuals of all ages, predominantly during the winter months. The aim of this study was
to evaluate public knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to influenza and its influenza vaccination. Materials
and Methods: A descriptive online cross-sectional survey was conducted over a 1-month, from September to
October 2023. The survey targeted the population living in the Aseer region, Saudi Arabia, using convenience and
snowballing sampling methods. Results: The table presents demographic and health-related data of the studied
population. More than half of the participants (52.2%, 70 respondents) aged 25–34 years, 88% (n = 117) were
male, 83.5% (n = 111) had university-level education (83.5%, n = 111), with post-graduate education at 3.8% (n =
5), 81.2% (n = 108) were city residents, and 53.4% had monthly income of 50,000–10,000 SAR. Large sector of
the surveyed population (80.0%) had good knowledge about influenza while mall sector had poor knowledge 12%.
Among the studied population, 63.91% had good attitude about seasonal influenza and its vaccine while 11.28% had
bad attitude. Females exhibit a lower vaccination rate (25.00%) compared to males (63.25%). This gender difference
was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Conclusions: The study showed a generally positive knowledge and attitude
toward the seasonal influenza vaccine, with most respondents willing to receive it. However, awareness of potential
side effects and severe reactions varies. Targeted interventions are needed to address lower vaccine acceptance.

Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Polyherbal Toothpaste

Nivedita L. Rao — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Oral hygiene is essential for preventing dental issues such as plaque, tooth decay, and periodontal
diseases. Herbal toothpaste formulations provide a safer alternative to synthetic products by offering antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, and enamel-protective benefits without adverse effects. Objectives: This study aimed to develop
and evaluate a polyherbal toothpaste using natural ingredients, including clove, mango leaves, tulsi, ivy gourd
leaves, guava leaves, honey, and coconut oil, and to assess its physical, chemical, and antimicrobial properties.
Materials and Methods: Three formulations (T1, T2, T3) were prepared by incorporating herbal actives and
abrasives into a base gel. The formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, homogeneity, presence of
abrasive particles, spreadability, fineness, pH, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus using the
disc diffusion method. Results: All formulations exhibited smooth texture, uniform appearance, and acceptable
homogeneity. T3, containing the highest concentration of herbal actives, showed superior performance across
most parameters: best spreadability, highest fineness with lowest abrasive residue (0.29%), optimal pH (7.31),
and strongest antibacterial activity (20 mm zone of inhibition), closely approaching the standard neomycin control
(21 mm). T1 and T2 showed moderate performance in comparison. Conclusion: The study successfully developed
a safe, effective, and consumer-friendly polyherbal toothpaste. T3 demonstrated the most promising combination
of physical stability, therapeutic potential, and oral safety. These findings support the potential of herbal oral care
products as effective alternatives to conventional toothpastes. In addition, regulatory considerations in India and
the USA were discussed to ensure quality, safety, and post-marketing surveillance.

Correlation between Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Production and Biofilm Formation in Gram-negative Bacteria: A Laboratory-based Pilot Study

Dr. A. Veena Shetty — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Gram-negative bacteria are among the most common causes of community-acquired, nosocomial,
and opportunistic infections. The recent increase in biofilm formation and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
(ESBL) production in bacteria has led to widespread multidrug resistance, creating significant treatment challenges.
This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profile, biofilm formation, and molecular detection of
ESBL-encoding genes in clinical gram-negative isolates. Materials and Methods: Thirty Gram-negative isolates
were collected from a tertiary care hospital, and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic
susceptibility. The double-disk synergy test phenotypically confirmed the production of ESBL. Biofilm formation
was evaluated using the crystal violet microtiter plate method. Molecular characterization of ESBL genes (blaTEM,
blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaCTX-M-15) was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of the 30 isolates,
8 (26.7%) were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. All isolates (100%) carried the blaTEM gene, while
blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaCTX-M-15 were detected in 30%, 33.3%, and 50% of isolates, respectively. Notably, blaCTX-M
was absent in Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Resistance to gentamicin was observed in 100%
of isolates, whereas Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae showed lower resistance rates to amoxicillin-clavulanate.
Regarding biofilm formation, 15 isolates (50%) were identified as biofilm producers. Conclusion: This study
concluded that isolates were extensively drug resistant, and biofilm producers tended to be less drug-resistant.

Investigation of In Vivo Anti-ulcer Activity of Extract of Drimiopsis kirkii Lindl. & Paxton Leaves

Rupali Bhavsar — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A peptic ulcer is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal erosion due to an imbalance
between protective and aggressive factors in the stomach. Medicinal plants are a rich source of natural antiulcer agents with fewer side effects compared to conventional therapies. Drimiopsis kirkii Lindl. & Paxton,
a bulbous herbaceous plant of the Asparagaceae family, is traditionally used for various ailments, including
inflammation and gastrointestinal disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-ulcer potential
of D. kirkii leaf extract in experimentally-induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Extract of the leaves was
evaluated using aspirin and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models. The extract demonstrated significant dosedependent ulcer protection, suggesting the presence of gastroprotective phytoconstituents such as flavonoids,
tannins, and saponins. The results validate the traditional use of this plant and indicate its potential as a natural
anti-ulcer agent.

Development and Validation of Stability-indicating Analytical Method for a Multiparticulate Drug Delivery System Containing Rizatriptan Benzoate

RamGopal Singh — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A stability-indicating analytical method was developed for a newly formulated multiparticulate drug delivery
system containing rizatriptan benzoate that is meant for administration by the sublingual route. A forced
degradation study was performed to determine the breakdown products of rizatriptan benzoate. Subsequently,
a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based analytical method was developed to estimate the
shelf-life of a multiparticulate drug delivery system. The HPLC parameters were deliberately varied to validate
the robustness and ruggedness of the analytical method. This validated method was then used to propose the
shelf-life of a newly formulated drug delivery system of rizatriptan benzoate stored at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5%
RH for 6 months. Forced degradation studies revealed significant degradation under acidic, oxidative, and
photolytic conditions, while the drug was stable under neutral and thermal stress. The developed HPLC method
successfully separated the drug from its degradation products with good resolution. The developed HPLC
method qualified for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, robustness, and sensitivity. Validation studies
demonstrated accuracy of 98.6%, precision (RSD <2%), linearity (R2
= 0.999), and robustness. The results of the
stability study indicated that the formulation did not exhibit significant changes when packed in paper sachets
and stored at accelerated stability conditions for 6 months. Therefore, it is proposed that the multiparticulate
drug delivery system containing rizatriptan benzoate, when packed in paper sachets, can be stored for a period
of up to 24 months at room temperature. However, the results need to be confirmed by performing real-time
stability studies in future work.

A Stability-Indicating Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic Acid in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

H. Neelofar — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a rapid, accurate, and stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid
chromatography (UPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid in bulk
and pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved using an
Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 1.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile:
Ammonium formate pH-3.0/OPA in a ratio of 20:80 v/v, at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out
at 240 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for system suitability, linearity,
precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Forced degradation
studies were performed under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions to evaluate the stabilityindicating nature of the method. Results and Discussion: Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid were well resolved
with retention times of 0.627 and 1.254 min, respectively. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² > 0.999),
with acceptable precision (%relative standard deviation < 2%), recovery (98–102%), and robustness. Significant
degradation was observed under acid and oxidative stress, while the method successfully resolved all degradation
peaks from the analytes. Conclusion: The developed UPLC method is sensitive, reliable, and stability-indicating. It
is suitable for routine analysis and quality control of Rosuvastatin and Bempedoic acid in combined dosage forms

Microwave-induced Graft Copolymerization of Acrylamide onto Kondagogu Gum: Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization

Mopuri Deepa — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to develop a microwave-assisted graft copolymerization technique for acrylamide onto
Kondagogu gum using potassium persulfate as an initiator, with the objective of improving grafting
efficiency through statistical optimization. Graft copolymerization was carried out under controlled
microwave irradiation conditions using Kondagogu gum, acrylamide monomer, and potassium persulfate
initiator; the reaction mixture was subsequently cooled, precipitated with acetone, dried, and ground. Central
Composite Design (CCD) was employed to evaluate the effects of acrylamide concentration, initiator level,
and irradiation time on grafting performance. The results demonstrated uniform and rapid heating under
microwave irradiation, leading to a significant enhancement in grafting efficiency. CCD analysis revealed
that acrylamide concentration and initiator level were the most influential parameters affecting grafting yield,
with significant interaction effects (AB and BC). Under optimized conditions (acrylamide 24.99 g, initiator
0.154 g, irradiation time 88.9 s), predicted grafting yield and efficiency values of 94.10% and 82.84%,
respectively, were achieved with a desirability value of 1.000. Successful graft copolymer formation was
confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy through the appearance and shifting of characteristic amide and hydroxyl
bands. Swelling studies indicated that the grafted gum exhibited enhanced water uptake compared to the
native polymer, reflecting improved hydrophilicity. Overall, microwave-assisted grafting proved to be a rapid,

efficient, and environmentally friendly method for modifying natural gums, and the optimized acrylamide-
grafted Kondagogu gum demonstrated enhanced physicochemical and swelling properties, making it suitable

for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Impact of Microbial Fermentation on the Nutritional Composition of Sorghum-Based Traditional Fermented Food Nucchu ambli

Veeranna S. Hombalimath, — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: This study explores the biochemical and nutritional transformations occurring in Nucchu ambli, a traditional
sorghum-based food, during microbial fermentation. Materials and Methods: The investigation focused on key
fermentation parameters pH, titratable acidity (TTA), reducing sugars, total sugars, moisture content, and protein
levels monitored over a 24 h period. Results and Discussion: Results revealed a marked decline in pH from
5.2 to 3.01 and a corresponding increase in TTA from 1.271% to 1.725%, reflecting heightened microbial activity.
Reducing sugars decreased from 9.408 µg/mL to 7.051 µg/mL, while total sugars dropped from 4.132 mg/L to
3.126 mg/L, indicating active microbial metabolism. Protein content reduced from 0.618 mg/mL to 0.511 mg/mL,
and moisture content gradually decreased due to evaporation. Conclusion: These findings underscore the
significant impact of fermentation on the physicochemical properties of Nucchu ambli, enhancing its potential for
improved digestibility and nutritional benefits.

Development and Validation of a Novel Experimental Model for Quick Induction of Prediabetes and Studying Cardiometabolic Effects

Dr. Ipseeta Ray — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: Prediabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder increasingly recognized as a major contributor to morbidity
and mortality worldwide. Its gradual progression poses challenges for experimental modeling. This study aimed
to establish and characterize a novel approach for inducing early and sustained prediabetes in rats. Method:
Adult male rats were subjected to a high-fat diet, followed by a liquid diet composed of vanaspati ghee and
coconut oil (3:1 ratio), along with 25% dextrose in drinking water for eight weeks. The onset of prediabetes
was verified through biochemical assessments, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, insulin levels,
HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β indices, complemented by histopathological and transmission electron microscopy
analyses. Results and Conclusion: Biochemical evaluation confirmed prediabetes, as evidenced by significant
elevations in FBG and HbA1c (p < 0.05). Additionally, increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and impaired
β-cell function (HOMA-β) were observed. Histopathological examination of the pancreas revealed structural
alterations, while ultrastructural analysis demonstrated compromised insulin secretory granules, further validating
β-cell dysfunction. This experimental model successfully achieved rapid and sustained progression of prediabetes,
replicating the dual features of insulin resistance and early β-cell impairment characteristic of human disease.
In conclusion, this study introduces a reliable and efficient method for inducing prediabetes in rodents. The
model closely reflects the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying human prediabetes, offering a valuable
platform for investigating disease progression and potential therapeutic interventions. Significance: Using this
new approach of a novel animal model for prediabetes, we could expedite the development of prediabetes and
demonstrate the role of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in prediabetes.

Inpatient Antibiotic Prescription Frequency at a Local Hospital

Fahad I Alsaikhan — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: To review and assess antibiotic prescribing in admitted patients in a local tertiary hospital, in
Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted utilizing existing electronic records
of antibiotic prescriptions for 1197 patient cases, selected from a pool of 25,000 inpatients admitted to a local
hospital through systematic sampling. All therapeutic antibiotic prescriptions were evaluated and examined
over a 9-month period (from March 2023 to December 2023). The study involved examining and evaluating
data that encompassed patients’ demographic details, clinical diagnoses, and the method of antibiotic delivery.
Results: Antimicrobials were administered to 63.6% of subjects, among whom 47.9% were prescribed at least
two kinds of antimicrobial agents. Two drugs were prescribed for 28.9%, three drugs for 10.6%, and 8.4% for
four or more antibiotics. Cephalosporins (81.7%) ranked first, followed by quinolones (41.6%), then penicillin
(20.1%). Conclusion: To make informed decisions about antibiotic use and identify potential issues related to
antibiotic misuse, it is essential to conduct more comprehensive and long-term studies on antibiotic consumption
in Saudi Arabia.

Evaluation the Impact of Pharmacist Lead Medication Counseling in Oncology Words

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Miscarriage in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders that may influence pregnancy outcomes. Miscarriage, defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability,
has not been clearly associated with either condition. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association
between IBD and IBS and the risk of miscarriage among Saudi women. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional
study was conducted between July and December 2024 across multiple regions in Saudi Arabia. The sample
included women aged 18–45 years with prior pregnancies, diagnosed with either IBS or IBD. Fifty women with
IBD diagnosed during pregnancy or within 1-year postpartum were included from a general hospital. Data were
collected through questionnaire. Results: Among 268 participants, 82% had no GI disease, 16% had IBS, and 1.5%
had IBD. Approximately half of all women reported a miscarriage. Neither IBS nor IBD was significantly associated
with increased miscarriage risk. Sociodemographic factors did not predict GI disease presence. Conclusion: In this
Saudi cohort, IBS and IBD were not significantly associated with miscarriage. These findings provide reassurance
that GI conditions may not independently increase the risk of early pregnancy loss.

The Effect of Chronic Use of Earphones on Hearing Threshold among Saudi Adult Population

Ali Hassan A. Ali — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: People frequently wear headphones to improve their concentration. However, little is known
about the effects of wearing headphones on the ears and the possible health hazards of extended use.
Aim of Study: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and usage patterns of earphones and
look into the connection between earphone use and hearing issues. Materials and Methods: One hundred
and eighty-four adult Saudi populations participated in a cross-sectional study. To assess hearing issues, it
contained a questionnaire to measure earphone listening habits. The questionnaire asked about ear-related
issues and the frequency with which they utilized hearing aids. Results: About 95.6% of participants used
headphones or earbuds, according to headphone usage habits. Half of the population has been wearing
headphones for more than 4 years, and at home. Over half of the individuals had some kind of ear-related
problem. Conclusion: Long-term headphone use has been found to be associated with hearing impairment,
highlighting the significance of encouraging safe listening practices. Implementing educational initiatives
is vital for changing young people’s perceptions of earphones and increasing their awareness of how to use
them properly

Causes of Tooth Loss in Patients Attending a Dental School’s Clinics in Riyadh: A Retrospective Study

Rakan Saifuddin Shaheen — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Tooth loss is a significant global health concern affecting quality of life, including pain, altered
eating habits, and reduced self-esteem. Understanding the primary causes of tooth loss is essential for targeted
preventive strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the causes and patterns of tooth loss among
patients attending private university (REU) dental clinics over 4 years (2021–2024). Methods: A retrospective
analysis was conducted using patient records from the Dento Plus system at REU dental hospital in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia. Demographic data, medical and dental history, reasons for extraction, and tooth numbers were collected.
Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were calculated, and chi-square tests were applied to assess
associations between tooth loss and variables, such as age and gender

Evaluation of Shade Selection Precision Utilizing Smartphones among Clinical Dental Students: A Cross-sectional Study

Arwa Alkhalifah — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Accurate shade selection is essential for achieving optimal esthetic outcomes in restorative dentistry.
With the increasing availability of smartphone technology, its use as an adjunct for shade selection warrants
evaluation, particularly in academic and resource-limited settings. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy
of smartphone-based shade selection, with and without flash, in comparison with the conventional visual method
among clinical dental students and interns. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among
102 female dental students in their 5th and 6th years and dental interns. Participants assessed the A3 shade from the
VITA Classical shade guide under three conditions: Visual assessment in natural daylight, smartphone photography
with flash, and smartphone photography without flash. The VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer served as the
reference standard. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test to compare accuracy among the three methods.
Results: The visual daylight method demonstrated the highest accuracy, with 71.8% correct identification of the
A3 shade. Smartphone photography without flash showed an accuracy of 22.5%, while smartphone photography
with flash demonstrated the lowest accuracy at 5.6%. A statistically significant difference was observed among the
three methods (P < 0.001), indicating that flash usage adversely affects color perception. No significant differences
in accuracy were found across the clinical levels of participants.

Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Associated Risk Factors among General Population in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychological illness associated with uncontrollable
worry about everything. They have symptoms such as restlessness, worry, difficulty concentrating, insomnia,
lightheadedness, and an elevated heart rate. Globally, primary healthcare expects the prevalence to range from
2.4% to 31.2%. Females are more likely to be affected by GAD than males. Objectives: The main objective of
this study is to determine the prevalence of GAD among the general population in Saudi Arabia. In addition, we
identify the related risk factors to GAD. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational study regarding
the prevalence of associated risk factors among the general population. In Saudi Arabia During the period ranging
from 2024 Aug to 2025 February. We included male and female citizens of Saudi Arabia living in Saudi Arabia.
With the exclusion of the residents of Saudi Arabia and citizens who don’t reside in Saudi Arabia. Two parts of
a computerized self-administered questionnaire were used to evaluate participants for GAD. The sample size
that was determined was 385, with an indicator percentage of 0.50, a margin of error of 5%, and a confidence
interval of 95%.

Awareness and Application of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Prosthodontic Treatment Planning Among Dental Students and Practitioners in Saudi Arabia

Ruwayda B. Alfahmi — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly utilized in dentistry to enhance diagnostic accuracy and
treatment planning. In prosthodontics, AI tools have shown considerable potential in improving precision and efficiency;
however, their awareness and clinical adoption among dental students and practitioners in Saudi Arabia remain
limited. Objectives: This study aims to assess the awareness, knowledge, and application of AI tools in prosthodontic
treatment planning among dental students and practitioners in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey
was conducted between July and December 2025 using a self-administered online questionnaire distributed through
university channels and professional dental platforms. Participants included clinical dental students, interns, general
dentists, and prosthodontic specialists actively practicing in Saudi Arabia. Preclinical students and non-prosthodontic
practitioners were excluded. A minimum sample size of 384 was calculated, with a target of 422 to compensate for non
response.

The Knowledge and Awareness about the Effect of Polypharmacy on Renal Function among Adults in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medications, is a common issue, particularly in older
adults. It can lead to adverse effects like renal function decline. Research in Japan found a link between more
prescribed drugs and a faster decline in kidney function. Studies in Egypt and Saudi Arabia highlighted a lack of
awareness about polypharmacy among elderly populations. However, no research in Saudi Arabia has assessed
people’s knowledge of polypharmacy’s impact on renal function. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the
knowledge of adults in Saudi Arabia regarding the effect of polypharmacy on renal function. Methodology: This
observational cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to September 2025 in Saudi Arabia. Our
study population consisted of Saudi men and women aged 18 years and above. Our sample size is a minimum of
384 participants. Microsoft Office Excel (2019) was used to enter, save, and code the data that was gathered through
the questionnaire. The Statistical Package of Social Science Software, version 26 for Windows, was used for all
statistical analyses.

Factors Influencing Saudi Medical Students’ Choice of Emergency Medicine as a Career Specialty

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Emergency medicine (EM) is a relatively new but rapidly expanding specialty in Saudi Arabia. However,
research into the specific factors influencing Saudi medical students’ decision to pursue EM remains limited. Objectives:
The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the factors influencing Saudi medical students’ choice of EM as a
future specialty. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2025 to December
2025. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a representative sample of medical students aged 18
and above across public and private universities in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire covered demographic data, exposure
to EM, lifestyle perceptions, role models, and personality traits. The target sample size was 384, calculated using Raosoft,
and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.

The Extent of Knowledge and Awareness among Teachers in Saudi Arabian Elementary Schools about Managing Dental Trauma

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Dental trauma in children is a common health issue, often occurring in school settings. Immediate and
proper management by schoolteachers is critical to reducing complications. Conducted in various regions. Objective: The
study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness levels regarding the emergency management of dental trauma among
elementary school teachers in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi
Arabia from July to December 2025. Participants were recruited through social media platforms including Twitter, Instagram,
Snapchat, WhatsApp, and Facebook. Inclusion criteria involved Saudi elementary schoolteachers from all regions who
agreed to complete the questionnaire. Exclusion criteria included non-teachers, individuals outside Saudi Arabia, and those
unwilling to participate. The minimum sample size was calculated to be 384, based on a 95% confidence level and 5%
margin of error. Results: The study involved 895 Saudi Arabian elementary school teachers recruited from all regions of
Saudi Arabia. Most participants were female (73.7%), married

The Effect of Overexposure to Blue Light from Digital Screens before Bed on Children’s Sleep and Bruxism in Ages 6–12

Khames T. Alzahrani, — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Exposure to blue light from digital screens at bedtime may suppress melatonin production and disrupt
circadian rhythms, potentially affecting sleep quality. Bruxism, a parafunctional habit involving teeth grinding, is often
linked to stress and sleep disturbances. In children, it may result in tooth wear, jaw discomfort, and poor sleep, raising
questions about its association with bedtime screen use. Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between
bedtime blue light exposure, sleep quality, and pediatric sleep bruxism (SB) in Saudi children. Methodology: This
cross-sectional study was conducted across Saudi Arabia to examine the association between pre-bedtime blue light
exposure and the occurrence of sleep disturbances and bruxism in children aged 6–12 years. Data were obtained using
a three-part structured questionnaire, adapted from a validated instrument, and distributed to parents via social media
platforms. The Arabic-language questionnaire collected information on demographics, screen use patterns, bedtime
routines, and bruxism-related symptoms. Sleep-related variables were assessed through 24 statements rated on a 4-point
Likert scale, yielding a maximum score of 72 points, with sleep disturbance severity classified as low, moderate, or high
according to Bloom’s cut-off points. In addition, four open-ended questions explored qualitative aspects of children’s
sleep patterns, and responses were subjected to descriptive analysis.

Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and its Associated Risk Factors, including Coffee Consumption Habits, among the Adult Population in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent condition worldwide that affects people of
all ages. It is defined as a disorder in which the stomach acid moves up into the lower portion of the esophagus,
causing a wide range of symptoms as well as various complications. The condition has several risk factors
including dietary habits, body weight, and the use of certain medications. Several studies have been conducted to
assess the prevalence of GERD and its associated risk factors in various parts of the world. Objective: The study
aims to assess the prevalence of GERD and to identify its associated risk factors, with a particular focus on coffee
consumption among the adult population of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional
study conducted among adults living in Saudi Arabia. Participants were recruited through popular social media
platforms, including WhatsApp, Snapchat, and X (formerly Twitter). Participants were provided with electronic
self-administered questionnaires, and their responses were used to meet the study objectives. The minimum
sample size was 384, calculated using the Raosoft calculator with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin
of error.

Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and the Role of Interventional Radiology in Diagnosis and Treatment

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of death and disability globally and within
Saudi Arabia, largely due to atherosclerosis, a progressive condition that narrows the coronary arteries and reduces
blood flow. Despite its growing prevalence, public awareness in Saudi Arabia remains low, particularly concerning
the role of interventional radiology in early diagnosis and minimally invasive treatment. Objectives: This study
evaluates the knowledge levels among patients in Saudi Arabia regarding coronary artery atherosclerosis and
the role of interventional radiology in diagnosis and treatment. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was
conducted between July 2025 and December 2025 using a structured online questionnaire. The target population
included Saudi citizens aged 18 years and above, excluding healthcare professionals, students, and individuals
living outside Saudi Arabia. Participants were recruited through social media platforms. A minimum sample
size of 384 participants was calculated using the infinite population formula at a 95% confidence interval and
5% margin of error. The survey consisted of three sections: informed consent, demographic data, and questions
assessing awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of CAD and interventional radiology

Knowledge and Awareness Level of Children’s Oral Health Care among Parents in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Parental knowledge and awareness are critical for shaping children’s oral hygiene, diet, and dental
visits. In Saudi Arabia, despite recommendations from the American academy of pediatric dentistry for twice-daily
brushing with parental assistance, many parents undervalue early dental care, leading to delayed checkups and
neglected preventive practices. Early childhood caries remains highly prevalent, affecting about 73% of preschool
children, and is linked to poor oral hygiene, unhealthy diets, and limited parental awareness. Objectives: The
objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness level of children’s oral health care among parents
in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia from July to December
2025 using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographics and domains of knowledge (10 items), practices
(7 items), awareness/motivation (5 items), and attitude (3 items). Responses were scored (knowledge: 0–10; practice:
0–7; awareness/motivation: 0–5; attitude: 3–15) and categorized into predefined levels; data were analyzed in the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v28.

Understanding the Impact of Musculoskeletal Symptoms on Dizziness among Adults in the Saudi Community

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Musculoskeletal pain is a frequent complaint among individuals experiencing long-term dizziness,
often presenting in recognizable patterns across various body regions. This prevalence highlights the need for clinical
attention to the musculoskeletal system in dizzy patients. Cervicogenic dizziness, originating from cervical spine
dysfunction, is increasingly recognized. Despite the clear link between dizziness and musculoskeletal complaints,
current literature often focuses on specific body parts, primarily examines clinical samples, and lacks standardized,
culturally validated tools for simultaneous assessment. Consequently, the comprehensive impact of multisite
musculoskeletal pain on dizziness in the general adult population, especially within Arabic-speaking groups, remains
largely unexplored. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and
the frequency and severity of dizziness among adults in the Saudi community, addressing a significant knowledge gap.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2025 using a structured, self-administered
online questionnaire distributed through social media. Adults aged ≥18 years with neck or upper back pain were recruited
using convenience sampling, while participants with diagnosed neurological/vestibular disorders (e.g., Ménière’s
disease and multiple sclerosis), traumatic musculoskeletal injury, or pregnancy were excluded. Measures included
demographic characteristics and validated Arabic versions of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and the Extended
Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, with additional assessment using the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the
short International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (version 20).

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Endodontic Treatment Failure among Patients in Saudi Arabia

Khames T. Alzahrani — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Endodontic treatment failure is one of the most common challenges in dentistry. Root canal therapy
aims to eliminate bacterial infection and preserve natural teeth, with reported success rates ranging from 86% to
98%. However, treatment failure can still occur due to multiple factors, most notably missed canals, especially in
molars with complex root anatomy. Other common causes include open apices, inadequate obturation, and persistent
periapical radiolucency. Studies from Saudi Arabia have associated treatment failures with technical errors, operator
inexperience, and limited utilization of advanced imaging modalities, such as cone-beam computed tomography.
Despite observed high failure rates in some areas, national-level data remains limited, and few studies have
explored patient-centered aspects, such as symptoms, satisfaction, and follow-up care. This underscores the need
for research evaluating the prevalence and contributing factors of endodontic treatment failure using structured,
patient-focused questionnaires. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the self-reported prevalence of endodontic
treatment failure among patients in Saudi Arabia based on their symptoms, personal experiences, and perceived
treatment outcomes. It also seeks to identify patient-reported factors associated with perceived treatment failure,
including pain persistence, swelling, and treatment satisfaction. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study
was conducted in Saudi Arabia between July and December 2025 using a structured questionnaire distributed
online via social media platforms. The target population included both Saudi citizens and residents, male and
female, aged 18 years or older, who had previously undergone non-surgical root canal treatment and agreed to
participate by completing the questionnaire. Participants were excluded if they were under 18 years of age, non
residents of Saudi Arabia, or declined to participate. 384 was the minimum sample size of participants to achieve
a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error.