Global Impact and Management in Patients with Senile Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Senile osteoporosis is a global health concern characterized by reduced bone density, deteriorated bone
microarchitecture, and increased fracture risk, particularly in aging populations. This systematic review aimed
to evaluate the global impact, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and current gaps in the management of senile
osteoporosis. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant
peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2014 to 2024. The findings were organized thematically
to match the review objectives. The global prevalence of low bone mineral density and related fractures has
increased, with mortality and disability – adjusted life years rising by 111.16% and 93.82%, respectively, from
1990 to 2019. Women have incidence rates 1.5 times higher than men, and social deprivation contributes to the
risk of osteoporosis. Despite its high prevalence, many high-risk individuals, particularly men, do not receive
osteoporosis medication. Age is a critical factor in fracture risk, and a 5-year composite fracture prediction model
for age-related sites offers superior discrimination compared to other models. This review highlights the need for
better prevention, early detection, and management strategies, particularly in areas with a high sociodemographic
index and among inadequately treated populations. Expanding fracture liaison services, community screenings,
and hospital evaluations can facilitate accurate diagnosis and timely referral. Future research should refine
predictive models, validate risk markers, and incorporate genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors into
prevention strategies. International cooperation and fair health-care distribution are crucial for reducing the global
impact of osteoporosis.