Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Orthosiphonstamineus: A Review

Abstract

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae), commonly known as Java tea or cat’s whiskers, is a medicinal herb widely used in Southeast Asian traditional medicine for the management of renal and metabolic disorders. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on its phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and underlying molecular mechanisms. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which contribute to a broad range of biological activities. Experimental studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and nephroprotective effects in both cell-based and animal models. These pharmacological properties are associated with the regulation of oxidative stress pathways, suppression of
inflammatory signaling, and modulation of metabolic processes. Toxicological investigations generally indicate a favorable safety profile at experimentally evaluated doses. Recent research has focused on the development of standardized extracts and nano-based delivery systems to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of its phytochemicals. Despite promising pre-clinical findings, clinical evidence supporting its therapeutic efficacy remains limited. Future research should prioritize well-designed human clinical studies and improved standardization strategies to facilitate the translation of O. stamineus into evidence-based therapeutic applications.