Systemic Therapies for Non-Small CellLung Cancer Chemotherapy: Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 85% of global lung cancer cases and is a predominant cause of cancer-related mortality. Personalized chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have been employed
to treat NSCLC. Traditional platinum-based chemotherapy increases survival rates, especially in advanced stages, but no specificity and toxicity require customized treatments. Molecularly targeted medicines have revolutionized NSCLC treatment for epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, C-ros oncogene 1, B-raf proto-oncogene, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and rearranged during transfection mutations. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors kill cancer cells without harming normal tissues, improving prognosis and survival in molecularly defined
malignancies. Next-generation inhibitors and combination treatments are needed to treat targeted drug resistance. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors that target the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 pathways has revolutionized cancer
treatment by harnessing the host immune system to fight cancer, especially in patients with high PD-L1 expression or a high tumor mutational load. Despite these advances, immunotherapy resistance and immune-related adverse effects remain difficult. Biomarkers, new targets like Kirsten rat sarcoma G12C, and immunotherapies including bispecific antibodies and cancer vaccines will be used to treat NSCLC. By adding AI and machine learning into immediate resistance pattern input, dynamic response evaluation will improve personalized treatment. This paper addresses all systemic medicines for NSCLC, including precision oncology and biomarker-driven treatments to enhance survival and quality of life