Vaccines for the Control of Tilapia Lake Virus Infections in Fish: Current Statusand Recent Developments – A Review

Abstract

Aquaculture is recognized as one of the most rapidly expanding food-production sectors worldwide and has become an important source of seafood for human consumption. However, this sector is facing various problems, including infectious diseases, the biggest obstacle preventing the growth and economic output. Diseases have a significant effect on the marketability, fertility, growth, and death rates in aquaculture. Diseases have a significant effect on the marketability, fertility, growth, and death rates in aquaculture. In intensive aquaculture systems, infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can result in substantial losses of fish stocks. Viral diseases cause irreversible damage to the aquaculture sector. Tilapia is the second most commonly farmed aquatic species, but owing to tilapia lake virus (TiLV), there has been a major loss, with mortality rates peaking at more than 90%. It is a contagious disease that spreads via horizontal and vertical transmission. Vaccination is an effective method of disease prevention and control of infectious diseases in aquaculture. Recently developed TiLV vaccines showed promising results in reducing infections. With the ongoing global expansion of aquaculture, the demand for new vaccines will persist far into the future. This article provides a thorough insight into TiLV, especially its different types of vaccines and immune responses that have been developed so far.