Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP)

Management of the Post-COVID Condition with Ashtadashanga Churna (Poly herbal Ayurveda medicine)

2024-04-13T04:51:06+00:00

Ethnic Pharmacological Relevance: The post-COVID sequel in COVID 19 survivors led to a new strain on
health-care professionals at the end of the pandemic. Although the pathogenesis of which is not fully understood
symptoms that are mostly seen in post-COVID sequel are fatigue, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing,
loss of memory and concentration, sleep problems, persistent cough, chest pain, trouble speaking, muscle ache,
loss of smell or taste, depression or anxiety, fever, decrease quality of life, and olfactory and gustatory dysfunction.
Ashatadashanga Churna (AC) an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation is taken into consideration for targeting these
post-COVID sequelae. Aim of this Review: Ashtadashanga churna can be a potent drug in the treatment of post-
COVID sequela classical polyherbal formulation mentioned in the Yogratnakara textbook under the jwara (fever)
chapter, one of the authoritative Ayurvedic textbooks. It contains 18 herbal drugs. Each drug of the formulation
as an individual and whole formulation is studied to provide a comprehensive insight into its action on post-
COVID sequelae and general health improvement. Materials and Methods: To examine the impact of each
ingredient on post-COVID symptoms, we compiled the information for this article using electronic searches
utilizing PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Results: This medicine’s different probable modes of
action are scavenging free radical species, inhibiting inflammatory markers, immunomodulation, and protective
effect. It is found to be indicated in similar signs and symptoms which is taken into consideration. It is found that
all contents contribute to treating disease either individually or in a synergistic way. Conclusion: AC medicines
may be potential as supplements or substitutes for treating post-COVID sequelae and for improvement of health.
Ashtadashanga churna can be a potent drug in the treatment of post-COVID sequel so further research is needed
in this formulation.

The Progression of Medical Innovations, Challenges, and Implications on Human Health Associated with Nanoparticles

2024-04-24T05:26:51+00:00

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as versatile tools in the field of medicine, presenting promising prospects
for drug delivery and diagnostics. Their distinctive attributes, including a high surface mass ratio and ability to
transport substances, facilitate precise drug targeting, minimize toxicity, and enhance therapeutic effects. Despite
these advantages, the rapid progress of nanotechnology in medicine introduces challenges that necessitate rigorous
toxicological assessments to ensure safe application. Researchers are actively bridging the divide between the
risks associated with combustion-derived NPs and the potential benefits of engineered NPs in medical contexts.
A comprehensive exploration of their impact on the cardiovascular and neurological systems offers insights into
their behavior and paves the way for responsible practices in nanomedicine. Unlocking the full capabilities of
nanotechnology calls for collaborative endeavors between particle toxicologists and drug delivery specialists,
unraveling the intricacies of NP-cell interactions, and revolutionizing drug administration to elevate health-care
outcomes.

A Review of Gelatine Formulations for Topical Skin Cancer Treatment

2024-04-24T05:31:20+00:00

Regarding both regional and widespread drugs, cancer of the skin, regardless of its manifestations, is the disease
with the highest incidence rate in the world. Topical chemotherapy is an intriguing therapeutic approach due to
its low cost and lack of invasiveness. Nonetheless, it is difficult to distribute antineoplastic drugs through the skin
due to the numerous methodologies that have been utilized to ascertain the physicochemical features, including
solubility, ionized molecular weight, and melting point, as well as the efficacy of the stratum corneum’s protective
barrier, utilized to increase drug absorption, retention, and effectiveness. Its objectives are to determine the most
popular methods for topical medication administration using gel-based medications for the treatment of skin
cancer. The preparation methods, the excipients employed, and the techniques for characterizing gels are briefly
explained. Safety considerations are also emphasized.

A New Arena of Herbal Nanotechnology

2024-04-24T05:37:52+00:00

Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times due to their renowned therapeutic efficacy and safety parameters.
Today, people are shifting more frequently from synthetic substances to herbal compounds for drug-related needs.
The major problems with phytocompounds are their limited aqueous solubility, degradation in acidic pH, etc. The
answer to this came with the recent developments in nanotechnology, which allow the creation of nanoparticles
with enormous potential as drug delivery systems due to their reduced size up to the nanoscale. Drugs undergoing
nanoscale transformations have distinctive properties, such as enhanced drug efficacy, extended circulation,
improved drug localization, and increased solubility. Herein, a new era of nano-phytomedicine has been discussed
that ensures the delivery of bioactive compounds and diagnostics to a target site by exploiting various carriers.
The review also summarizes the processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles and their characterization parameters,
with the pivotal role of nanotechnology in recent applications exploiting novel phytoconstituents.

Clinical Trials: Advancing Medical Solutions for Health

2024-04-24T05:40:50+00:00

A clinical trial is a study conducted on human subjects to find solutions to specific medical problems. The
best and quickest way to uncover treatments that are effective in individuals and to improve health is through
well-conducted clinical trials. The safety and efficacy of new treatments and applications of established
ones are evaluated in clinical trials. The focus of observational trials is on populations or large groups of
people experiencing health problems in their everyday environments. Clinical trials, which aim to evaluate
the efficacy of a treatment, are a highly specialized type of biological experiment. Clinical pharmacologists
conduct phase I drug kinetics, safety, and gross effects studies on human volunteers. Phase II testing involves
studying the drug’s effects on a smaller group of patients to determine its pharmacokinetics, safety, and
therapeutic efficiency; phase III testing involves studying hundreds more patients, primarily to determine the
drug’s safety and therapeutic efficacy. If this measure passes, the medicine can officially be sold. Medical
professionals continue to provide feedback on the drug’s safety, side effects, and effectiveness even after it
has been commercialized.

Lip Cosmetics – A Formulator (OR) An innovator to Overcome a Challenge in Quest of Research with its Advances

2024-04-24T05:43:23+00:00

Cosmetics which are the Greek origin word have been used by people either knowing or unknowingly in their daily life since
B.C for maintaining good hygiene, attraction, and beautifying purpose which from the materials or items available from
natural or other forms of sources from nature. Various classifications on the term cosmetic have been emerged on its usage,
form, and application available sources. The various types of cosmetics used for hair hair, skin, tooth, etc., are mostly
available in the form of solid, liquid, gas and semisolids with various consistencies for longer duration of action and
specific area of application. Face cosmetics especially lip cosmetics play a significant role in beautifying the entire human
personality in orating the surrounding people on various occasions and in regular life. The lip balms, lip stains, lip liner, lip
gloss, lipstick, lip oil, etc. are the lip cosmetics available in the market. To formulate a cosmetic, a great challenging task is to
overcome by a researcher or scientist or formulator or innovator because the cost or price of cosmetics is higher than the cost of
other needs of humans the product available or manufactured must win the user with its enrichment or articulate in appearance
by the customer. The selection of ingredients and the method of preparation and its evaluation play an important role in their
future marketed product life in its consistency and utility. All lip cosmetics must be formulated using a sufficient amount of
waxes, oils, antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, perfumes, moisturizing agents, and other essential ingredients and
must be properly evaluated for all tests specified such as test on softening point, melting point, stability study test, freedom
from grittiness and greasiness, test on pH, stability test for perfume, test on surface anomalies and solubility, test on breaking
point and thixotropy character, test on force of application and skin irritation, lead and other metals limit test, and aging stability
test. The marketed products available on lip cosmetics with names of Carmex, Nivea, Blistex, Himalaya lip balm, Maybelline
NY Super Stay Matte Ink Liquid, Revlon Ultra HD Matte Lip Mousse, SUGAR Cosmetics Smudge Me Not Liquid Lipstick,
Zayn and Myza Liquid Lipstick, FACES Canada Ultime Pro Matte Crayon, Colorbar Sinful Matte Lipstick.

Comprehensive Review of Phytosomes: Formulation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Applications

2024-04-24T05:46:09+00:00

The capacity of phytosomes to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of bioactive components from plant
extracts has made them a notable breakthrough in the fields of dietary supplements and herbal medicine. Using
this innovative method, plant extracts are molecularly complexed with phospholipids to produce lipid complexes
that resemble cell membrane structures. Because of their structural similarity, these bioactive chemicals are better
soluble and absorbed, which makes them easier for the body to use. Pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics,
and functional foods are just a few of the businesses that use phytosomes. Numerous health advantages have
resulted from their adaptable use, including protection against antioxidants, improved cognitive function, liver
health support, and cardiovascular well-being. However, individual reactions could differ, so exercise caution
and seek advice from medical professionals, particularly when used in conjunction with prescription drugs or
for particular medical conditions. Phytosomes offer a more effective and efficient way to extract the medicinal
qualities of plant extracts, which is a promising development in herbal medicine and nutrition. Their capacity to
augment the transportation of bioactive substances presents novel prospects for enhanced health and overall wellbeing,
rendering them a remarkable augmentation to the domain of alternative medicines and dietary supplements.

Niosomes: Best Approach for Novel Drug Delivery and Future Aspects

2024-04-24T05:49:24+00:00

When hydrated with synthetic non-ionic surfactants, niosomes-vesicles of non-ionic surfactants-are formed,
either with or without the inclusion of cholesterol or other lipids. Niosomes are effective and non-ionic for the
distribution of drugs; it is less harmful and increases the drug therapeutic index by limiting its impact to target cells.
Niosomes gain growing scientific attention in nanotechnology because they are exceptional in their versatility as
valuable drug delivery mechanisms for a range of therapeutic applications. Niosomes were prepared by various
methods like sonication, microfluidization, the handshaking approach, reverse-phase evaporation, and the ether
injection method. Two separate conditions, commonly 4±1° and 25±2°, are used for storing niosomes. Niosomes
have various applications in neoplasia, Leishmaniasis, peptide drug delivery, and immunological disorders.

Genetics and Genomics Nursing in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and Challenge

2024-04-24T05:52:06+00:00

Nurses are critical members of the health-care team, and with sufficient knowledge and training in genetics and
genomics, they can contribute significantly to fulfilling the potential of precision medicine in practice and research.
The efforts of Saudi Arabia toward genetics and genomics are remarkable. Yet, the voice of nurses in such an
important field has not been sufficiently explored. Several potential challenges in the health-care system related
to genetics and genomics nursing must be considered. In this article, we outline the challenges and opportunities
of nursing genetics and genomics fields in Saudi Arabia.

A Review on Artificial Intelligence – Insights from Nursing Care and Implementation in Nursing Education

2024-04-24T05:55:08+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a digital computer or computer-controlled robot’s ability to do tasks that are
generally associated with humans. AI in nursing care can improve clinical decision-making and provide evidencebased
care to their patients. Therefore, its implementation in nursing practice and education is essential to further
receive the benefits of AI, to the patients and health-care professionals such as nurses and nurse practitioners. The
integration of the AI concept has been a key advance in higher education, with the potential to improve education
by offering students more tailored and efficient learning experiences. This review provides an overview of AI in
nursing care and its benefits of implementation in nursing curriculum.

An analysis of medical gel

2024-04-24T05:57:39+00:00

With a focus on sensible topical formulation techniques and the essential components of topical drug delivery
systems, the goal of this review is to provide an overview of recent research. The advantage of administering
medication topically is that it reaches the site of action directly and remains longer there. Topical medications are
primarily administered through the skin, which is one of the body’s most accessible and widely distributed organs.
Topical medications are usually very sticky and uncomfortable to apply, which presents a number of challenges.
Ointments, lotions, and creams are common topical medications. They also have a lower spreading coefficient,
require rubbing, and have a stability problem when compared to other semisolid preparations in the main category.
All of these factors have led to an increase in the use of gas in preparations for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.
The surface tension between a 99% liquid-by-weight colloid and a network of macromolecules composed of
minuscule amounts of the surrounding gelatinous substance immobilizes the colloid, forming a gel.

Solubility Enhancement of Resveratrol by Formulation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

2024-04-24T06:20:39+00:00

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants such as grapes,
blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts with poor water solubility. The concept of reducing the particle
size to nano dimensions was used to improve its solubility. Resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were
developed using stearic acid as the lipid and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as the stabilizing agent. Resveratrol-loaded
SLN were prepared using solvent evaporation technique and concentration of stearic acid and PVA were taken as the
variables for optimization. Entrapment efficiency (EE) and yield of the SLN were taken as the dependent variables.
All the responses observed for 13 formulations prepared were simultaneously fitted to linear, 2F1, quadratic, and
cubic models using Design-Expert 10. It was observed that the best-fitted model was response surface, a quadratic
model. SLN were characterized for yield, EE, particle size, zeta potential, and surface morphology. In vitro drug
release studies were performed in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 using dialysis bag diffusion technique. It was observed
that in the case of SLN, the solubility was obtained approximately 3 times more than pure drug.

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-retroviral Drugs Atazanavir, Lamivudine, Tenofovir, and Ritonavir in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation by RP-HPLC

2024-04-24T06:23:44+00:00

Objective: Quality is important in every product or service, but it is vital in medicine as it involves life.
Therefore, analytical methods which are a measure of quality of the drugs play a very comprehensive role in
drug development and follow-up activities. As like any drug, the perfect estimation of the quality and quantity
of the anti-viral drugs with respect to their potency, safety, and dosage etc., is the need of the hour so that these
drugs will serve the actual purpose for which they are intended. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic
separation was achieved using Waters C8 (100 × 4.6 mm ID) 1.7 μm column, and isocratic mobile phase consists
potassium phosphate buffer pH3.5:acetonitrile (55:45) %v/v with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection was
carried out at 280 nm. The current method was validated according to the ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision,
linearity, specificity, robustness, and ruggedness. Results: The retention times obtained for atazanavir (ATZ),
lamivudine (3tc), tenofovir, and ritonavir (RTV) were 2.05, 3.33, 4.56, and 6.97 min, respectively. The calibration
curves of peak area versus concentration were linear from 15 to 45 μg/mL for Atazanavir (ATV), 3TC, tenofovir
disoproxil fumarate, and 5–15 μg/mL and had regression coefficient (r2) 0.999. Limit of detection was found to
be 1.2, 0.9, 0.5, 0.2 μg/mL and limit of quantification was found to be 3.6, 2.8, 1.8, 0.8 μg/mL, respectively, for
ATZ, 3TC, tenofovir, and RTV. The % assay of the marketed dosage form was found to be 99.8, 99.5, 100.2, and
99.4 for ATZ, 3TC, tenofovir, and RTV. Conclusion: The experimental study results revealed the suitability of
proposed method that can be used for simultaneous estimation of ATZ, 3TC, tenofovir, and RTV in bulk and their
pharmaceutical formulations for routine quality control analysis.

Designing and Optimization of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Safer and Effective Oral Delivery of Tizanidine Hydrochloride

2024-04-24T06:27:21+00:00

Introduction: The oral route is widely favored for drug delivery due to its simplicity. However, after oral
administration, the effectiveness of tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN) is limited due to its low solubility and increased
metabolism. The present study investigates the utility of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as an oral formulation
for TZN to boost its therapeutic effectiveness. Materials and Methods: TZN-loaded NLCs were prepared by the
solvent evaporation method using glyceryl monostearate and oleic acid as solid and liquid lipids, respectively, while
the combination of tween 80 and poloxamer 188 was used as surfactants. The formulation optimization was carried
out using a Box–Behnken design taking particle size and entrapment efficiency as response variables. The optimized
formulation underwent evaluation for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential, morphological studies,
entrapment efficiency, permeability, and drug release characteristics. Results: The final optimized formulation
exhibited all the necessary attributes, including a particle size of 320.6 ± 13.86 nm, PDI of 0.376 ± 0.031, a zeta
potential of −25.8 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 78.33% ± 1.96%. In vitro release studies have also demonstrated
substantial drug release profiles, highlighting the potential of NLCs for enhanced drug delivery with extendedrelease
profiles. Conclusion: The above findings signify that the current optimization model can be used for the
development of NLCs for safer and effective oral delivery of TZN which have all the necessary pharmaceutical
attributes and may be a promising avenue for its safer and more effective delivery for such drugs.

The Therapeutic Value of Green Tea in Preventing the Negative Effects of Methotrexate on the Stomach

2024-04-24T06:31:00+00:00

Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine how green tea contributed to the adverse effects on the stomach
that methotrexate (MTX) mediated. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were split equally into
three groups. The first group received intraperitoneal injections of normal saline twice a week for 9 weeks at a
dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. For 9 weeks, the second group received intraperitoneal injections of MTX
hydrate at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight twice a week. The third group, on the other hand, was given
green tea and MTX at an oral dosage of 36 mg/kg body weight/day in 0.2 mL distilled water for an additional
9 weeks. The stomachs of the sacrificed animals were processed, stained, and viewed under a microscope. Then,
serum sample concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione
(GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Results and Discussion: The histological findings
demonstrated that green tea can significantly reverse the pathological alterations caused by MTX, which damages
stomach tissue. Furthermore, green tea therapy exacerbated MTX-induced reductions in GSH content, GPx,
and SOD activity and dramatically decreased the elevation of serum MDA, IL-2, and IL-6 contents that MTX
had caused. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that green tea can moderately protect histological damage of the
stomach in rats exposed to MTX, as well as reduce pro-inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress.

Formulation, Development, and In Vitro, In Vivo, Ex Vivo Characterization of In Situ Gel Containing Blueberry Extract for the Management of Glaucoma

2024-04-24T06:33:50+00:00

Aim: This study focused on the formulation and evaluation of ocular in situ gels containing blueberry extract for
potential therapeutic applications. Materials and Methods: Various parameters were assessed to determine the
physical characteristics, stability, and performance of the formulated gels. These parameters included clarity,
transparency, pH, viscosity, gelling capacity, in vitro and ex vivo drug release, sterility, ocular irritation, intraocular
pressure (IOP) reduction, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Total number of six formulations were prepared and evaluated
for different parameters. Percentage drug release of all the formulations were carried out by modified Franz diffusion
cell using simulated tear fluid. Results and Discussion: B6 formulation has shown maximum percentage release of
98.35% in 8 h. Ex vivo studies indicated that 80.23% of the drug permeated from the formulations, demonstrating a
sustained effect. Furthermore, in situ gel of blueberry extract (B6) demonstrated a good percentage reduction in IOP,
with a value of 29.96 ± 2.88 % mmHg. The in situ gel formulation achieved a Cmax of 10.5 ± 1.28 mg/mL after 4 h,
which was approximately 10 times higher than the Cmax of the timolol eye drop (0.908 mg/mL) obtained after 2 h.
Conclusion: The results indicated that the in situ gels demonstrated favorable physical properties, stable pH, excellent
gelling capacity, sustained drug release, and sterility. Furthermore, the gels exhibited no ocular irritation and effectively
reduced IOP, offering potential benefits for glaucoma treatment. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed enhanced drug
bioavailability with the in situ gel formulations compared to conventional eye drops. Stability studies confirmed the
formulation’s robustness under various environmental conditions. These findings highlight the suitability of the in situ
gel formulations for ocular drug delivery, emphasizing their potential as effective and safe therapeutic options.

DNA Isolation from Whole Blood Samples of Endometriosis Patients using the Salting out Method and ITS Scope in Ayurveda

2024-04-24T06:36:48+00:00

Introduction: As time goes on, more methods and resources for assessing patients’ health will become available.
Another developing area of science is personalized medicine. Any nucleated cell, including blood, tissue, hair,
etc., can have its human DNA retrieved. High protein content and a range of secondary metabolites present in
various sources affect DNA purification; highly pure DNA is necessary for molecular study. Here, we extracted
a considerable amount of human DNA from endometriosis patients’ whole blood using the salting out procedure.
This is a cheap, quick, safe, and simple method. Research facilities and medical laboratories may make use
of it. Objectives: The objectives of the study were (1) to isolate the DNA from the blood of endometriosis
patients to conduct a whole-exome sequencing analysis aimed at learning more about the genetic variations
connected to the disease and (2) to evaluate the scope of this technique in Ayurveda in endometriosis diseases.
Materials and Methods: A 5 ml blood sample of diagnosed cases of endometriosis was collected from Sir Sunder
Lal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University in a heparinized vial from Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD. Extraction
of DNA will be done in the Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, and Banaras Hindu University.
Conclusion: Using the Salting Out method, good quality DNA samples from human whole blood can be extracted
that is enough to perform a Whole Exome Sequencing.

Solubility and Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Telmisartan using Hydrotropy Method

2024-04-24T06:40:13+00:00

Objectives: Drugs given by oral route will undergo dissolution followed by permeation then it reaches to blood.
Low water solubility is the foremost issue that comes upon with the development of dosage forms for newly
discovered drugs as well as old drugs. Telmisartan is a class II category drug under the biopharmaceutical
classification system, which limits its bioavailability to about 40%. Hydrotropy method has several advantages
compared to other methods such as cost-effectiveness, ease of process, compatibility, scalable, and flexibility
to varieties of dosage forms. Henceforth, an attempt has been made to improve the solubility of telmisartan
using the hydrotropy method. Materials and Methods: Three different hydrotropic agents (urea, mannitol,
and lactose) in different concentrations (10–50%) were used to find the solubility of the drug. The design
of an expert statistical tool was utilized to optimize the best concentration of hydrotropic agent for having
maximum solubility of the drug. Results: In a 40% urea blend, the solubility was obtained approximately
25.87 times more than pure drug (0.003 mg/mL) which showed the potential of the hydrotropic agent. This
obtained optimized batch was further characterized for drug release profile and other related parameters. The
optimized concentration of urea showed 87.46 ± 0.17% of drug release in 8 h which is relatively higher than
the plain drug release. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the 40% concentration of urea as a
hydrotropic agent showed to be a key factor for enhancement of solubility followed by dissolution of poorly
soluble telmisartan drug.

Optimization of Extraction Solvent for High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography for detection of adulterants in Valerianae radix

2024-04-24T06:43:45+00:00

Background: Quality control of valerian represents a major concern in the pharmaceutical industry due to the
huge variety of these species and their almost daily new scientific findings. Objective: The aim of the study
was to investigate the sensitivity of FTIR spectroscopy for the detection of adulterated Valerianae radix and
the optimization of a solvent extraction method for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)
fingerprinting. Material and Methods: Radix valerian medicinal plant adulterant was measured by FTIR
spectroscopy. The obtained data were evaluated using SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogies) to
determine the detection limits for the undesired adulterants when systematically mixing their spectra with a data set
comprising 50 batches of valerian root samples and the HPTLC system was utilized to evaluate a series of ultrasound
extraction experiments. Optimal solvent composition consisting of methanol, water, and dichloromethane is
used for which the flavonoid fingerprint is determined. Results: With regard to the chemometric analysis of the
FTIR spectra, we found that for this particular dataset, the overall detection rates computed from leave-one-out
cross-validation were 56.2%, 85.9%, and 98.3% at 5%, 10%, and 20%contamination levels, respectively. Solvent
extraction optimization, we found that a mixture of 40–50% methanol, 30–50% dichloromethane, and 10–20%
water was most efficient for the analysis of the flavonoid patterns in the six plant systems under investigation.
Conclusion: Concerning the extraction optimization, a universal solvent could not be defined exactly by response
surface methodologies as reported in similar studies involving different analytical platforms (mostly highperformance
liquid chromatography) but suggestions for near-optimal solvent compositions with competitive
performances compared to pure and 70% methanol could be made.

In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Doxorubicin toward Multiple Tumor Receptors

2024-04-24T06:47:15+00:00

Molecular docking, a powerful computational tool, is revolutionizing drug discovery by illuminating the intricate
dance between ligands and proteins. This research delves deep into this molecular tango, analyzing how various
ligands interact with key disease-linked proteins. The study employed molecular docking to assess the binding
affinity and interaction modes of a novel peptide and doxorubicin across diverse target proteins. The peptide
emerged as a star performer, exhibiting remarkably strong binding to crucial proteins such as HER3 kinase
(−11.906 docking score) and VEGFR (−7.609 docking score). These impressive scores suggest the peptide’s
potential as a potent inhibitor for these proteins, potentially disrupting critical cancer pathways. In contrast,
doxorubicin displayed significantly weaker binding across all targets, highlighting its potential limitations as an
inhibitor. The study further explored the influence of ligand structure and chemical properties on their binding
specificity, shedding light on the molecular determinants governing these interactions. By harnessing the power
of molecular docking, the research ventured into the exciting realm of rational drug design and virtual screening.
Identifying key amino acid residues involved in ligand binding paved the way for designing novel ligands
with enhanced binding affinities and improved selectivity profiles. This research paves the way for a deeper
understanding of drug-protein interactions at the molecular level, ultimately fostering the development of more
effective and targeted therapeutic agents for various diseases.

Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette use in Al Kharj city

2024-04-24T06:50:18+00:00

Aim: There is an alternative to smoking traditional tobacco cigarettes: electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes.
The purpose of this study is to determine how common electronic cigarette use is among people in Al Kharj
City. Materials and Methods: Between May and July of 2023, 570 people of both genders participated in a
cross-sectional survey that was carried out in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia through a self-administered questionnaire.
With 45.30% of the sample being male, the gender distribution showed a very balanced representation. In terms
of educational attainment, 74.70% of participants held a university degree. Results and Discussion: The findings
showed that 80.30% of the sample had never smoked regular cigarettes. The study participants’ e-cigarette
consumption patterns showed that 78.20% had never used an e-cigarette. Significant differences were also seen in
educational attainment, with greater education levels being associated with decreased e-cigarette use. In terms of
quitting, the majority (81.40%) had never smoked regular cigarettes. E-cigarette users are more likely to be young
adults and people who have used tobacco products in the past. Conclusion: These results should be considered by
Saudi Arabian health-care professionals in their efforts to educate the public about the risks of e-cigarette usage.

A Retrospective Observational Drug Utilization Study on COVID-19 At Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

2024-04-24T07:01:25+00:00

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented an unparalleled challenge to healthcare
systems worldwide since its emergence in late 2019. As health-care providers grapple with the complexities of
managing COVID-19 patients, the need for comprehensive understanding of treatment strategies and drug utilization
patterns becomes increasingly critical. In response to the evolving nature of the pandemic, health-care facilities have
implemented various therapeutic interventions, often adapting treatments based on emerging evidence and clinical
experience. This manuscript presents a retrospective observational drug utilization study conducted at a tertiary care
teaching hospital, aimed at examining the patterns of drug utilization among COVID-19 patients. With the rapid
development and dissemination of treatment guidelines and protocols, understanding real-world drug utilization
patterns is essential for optimizing therapeutic approaches and informing evidence-based clinical decision-making.
Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the collective efforts to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
and improve outcomes for patients receiving care at tertiary care teaching hospitals. Objective: The objective of the
study is to analyze prescribing patterns in COVID-19 patients and to find the prevalence of co-morbidities associated
with COVID-19. Methods: A total of 500 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were finally recruited after strictly
obeying the selection criteria in this retrospective, observational study conducted over 6 months in a tertiary care
teaching hospital, Parul Sevashram Hospital. Relevant data were extracted from prescriptions, case records, and
investigational reports. Results: Of the total 500 patients, 300 (60%) were males and 200 (40%) females. The highest
numbers of patients were in the age group of 46–55 years (147 patients, 29.34%). Out of 500, 289 patients had
comorbidity in which hypertension was the most common comorbidity (115 patients, 39.8%) observed, followed by
diabetes (102 patients, 35.3%) and diabetes mellitus plus hypertension (52 patients, 18%). Commonly employed in
treatment were class of medications such as anticoagulant (9.3%), antipyretic (8.7%), folic acid supplements (8.4%),
Vitamin C supplements (8.4%), proton pump inhibitors (8.3%), Vitamin D supplements (8.1%), steroids (7.7%), and
antibiotics (7.6%), while other classes of drugs such as anthelmintics, antitussive, antiviral, and antihypertensive were
administered according to the patient’s specific disease state and the severity of their condition. Conclusion: Further
investigation is warranted on the evolving subject of COVID-19 due to the virus’s variability and characteristics,
alongside the insufficient evidence backing current treatment drugs for the development of updated guidelines,
ultimately lessening the strain on global health-care providers. Future research endeavors will focus on refining
drug utilization and prescription practices for COVID-19 treatment. Regular evaluation of drug utilization patterns is
imperative for enhancing management strategies and the overall quality of life for patients.

Comparing the Efficacy of Corneal Collagen Cross-linking and Lamellar Keratoplasty in the Treatment of Keratitis: A Complex Treatment Approach

2024-04-24T07:04:15+00:00

Introduction: 90% of corneal ulcers and other eye injuries resulting in blindness occur in developing nations, and
the increase in corneal disorders and eye injuries is correlated with various diagnostic technologies, environmental
deterioration, more difficult eye procedures, and an increase in eye infections. This study aimed to evaluate
the safety and effectiveness of comprehensive keratitis treatment with both lamellar keratoplasty and corneal
collagen cross-linking (CXL). Materials and Methods: The study included 28 patients diagnosed with keratitis
who were divided into two groups: the main group (n = 14) and the control group (n = 14). Each patient underwent
a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, which included assessments of visual acuity with and without
correction, intraocular pressure evaluation, microscopic inspection of the front of the eye, and a thorough
examination of the rear of the eye. Results: During the 30–180 days of follow-up, the control group experienced
a high rate of post-operative astigmatism in seven (50%) patients, while the main group had a lower rate of three
(21.4%) patients. Both groups showed a similar trend in the growth of visual acuity from the 90 to 1095 days
of follow-up, with a mean visual acuity of 0.4–0.5 with maximum correction. Conclusion: The application of
ultraviolet light during CXL improves the robustness of both the graft and the recipient’s corneal tissue in the
suture area. In addition, it directly kills bacteria and viruses, inhibits pathogenic flora, and reduces the risk of
recurrent infection.

Evaluation of First-line and High-altitude Alpine Therapies for Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia

2024-04-24T07:07:39+00:00

Introduction: Acquired thrombocytopenia is a condition that causes immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and is
characterized by a platelet count of 100 × 109/l. The main challenges faced by Kyrgyz patients with ITP include
the lack of clearly defined therapeutic regimens, high rate of complications associated with glucocorticoid use,
unpredictability in treatment outcomes, and limited access to novel drugs. We aimed to evaluate the safety and
efficacy of initial and supplementary treatments for individuals with ITP. Methods: Between 2015 and 2022,
data from two sites in Kyrgyzstan, one in the country’s south and the other in the Republic, were retrospectively
analyzed for 172 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The initial treatment regimen followed the current
standards, consisting of several injection courses with a dose ranging from 0.4 to 1 g/kg over one to five doses. In
addition, dexamethasone was delivered at a dosage of 40 mg orally or intravenously every day for 4 days, along
with prednisone at a daily dosage of 1–40 mg for up to 4 weeks. Results: Only 22.4% of patients showed clinical
and hematological improvement with prednisone treatment, and no partial or complete remission was observed.
Of 91 patients, 57 (62.6%) experienced adverse events due to prednisone. The most common adverse events
were hyperglycemia and metabolism (34.1%), followed by mental disorders (27.5%), sleeplessness (23.1%),
hypertension (15.4%), and skin disorders (12.1%). Conclusion: In 45.4–77.6% of cases, conservative treatment
approaches can effectively treat adult ITP patients. Current treatments include prednisone, dexamethasone, and
the combined use of intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, and azathioprine.

Efficacy of Modulated Pectin and Metformin on Walker Carcinosarcoma Progression in Rats Undergoing Chemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Fluorouracil

2024-04-24T07:10:31+00:00

Background: Cancer has caused nearly 10 million deaths globally in 2020, accounting for one-sixth of all
fatalities. Although chemotherapy can be effective in some cases, it often fails to treat solid tumors effectively
because of their biological diversity and uncontrolled growth. Chemotherapy can also be toxic, particularly when
multiple drugs are used. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining low-molecular-weight pectin
and metformin with chemotherapy in Walker carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted
using white-outbred Wistar rats. Tumors were transplanted subcutaneously, and the animals were then treated with
pectin and metformin administered intragastrically using a probe, whereas cytostatic agents were administered
intraperitoneally. Antitumor activity was assessed based on three parameters: tumor growth inhibition (TGI),
survival/increase in life span (ILS), and average lifespan. Results: The combination of pectin and doxorubicin had
the most significant antitumor effect (TGI 88.66% and ILS 142.22%) compared to the combination of metformin
and cytostatic agents. In a series of experiments with fluorouracil, a notable antitumor effect was observed with the
combination of fluorouracil and metformin (TGI, 89.6%). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that combined
therapy with modified citrus pectin and doxorubicin led to higher antitumor effects and ILS than doxorubicin
monotherapy. In addition, the combination of metformin and fluorouracil showed the potential to increase survival
rates, suggesting its potential detoxifying properties.

Enhancing the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy in Cancer Treatment with Modified Citrus Pectin and Metformin

2024-04-24T07:12:53+00:00

Introduction: Radiation therapy, a commonly used treatment for various types of cancer, has toxic effects on
the body. To counter this, researchers have developed medications that minimize the harmful effects of ionizing
radiation on normal cells and tissues, while enhancing the effect of radiation on cancerous cells. These drugs are
known to be radiosensitizers or radiomimetic agents. This study investigated the effectiveness of modified citrus
pectin (MCP) and metformin combined with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This
study used 380 Wistar rats with transplantable strains and two types of cancer cells. The experimental therapy
included administration of sugar beet pectin, MCP, and metformin. Effectiveness was determined by commonly
accepted indicators, such as the percentage of tumor growth inhibition and increased lifespan. Results: MCP and
sugar beet pectin had radiomodifying properties and enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation therapy.
The combination of MCP and metformin had a positive effect on cancer treatment, with complete regression or
disappearance of the tumor by the 15th day, and the lifespan of the animals increased by approximately 430%.
Conclusion: The use of pectin and MCP as radiomodifiers could potentially improve the effectiveness and reduce
the toxicity of anti-tumor therapy. This study suggests that the combination of MCP and metformin with radiation
therapy and chemotherapy may be a promising approach for cancer treatment.

Exploring Adsorption Phenomena in Pharmaceutical Formulation Design: A Systematic Quality-By-Design Approach for Agomelatine-Loaded Liquisolid Compact Tablets

2024-04-24T07:15:19+00:00

Introduction: In our quest to maximize the therapeutic potential of Agomelatine, we embarked on a study wherein we
formulated it into liquisolid compact tablets, strategically designed to enhance its dissolving performance and unlock its
antidepressant efficacy. Materials and Methods: Employing the Quality by Design (QbD) methodology, specifically a
randomized, non-block, central composite design with a response surface study type, quadratic model, and version 13.0.5.0,
we meticulously developed nine alternative formulations (F1-F9). The non-volatile solvent, polyethylene glycol 400, played
a pivotal role, with the non-volatile solvent loading factor (X1) and the excipient ratio of carrier to coating material (X2)
serving as key independent variables. Evaluation of the formulations centered on two critical parameters: the angle of repose
(Y1) and in-vitro percentage drug release (Y2). Employing Kawakita and Heckel’s methods, we discerned the dense nature
of compact particles and their favorable compaction properties. The addition of Aerosil 200 alongside microcrystalline
cellulose showcased improved compressibility through plastic deformation. Comprehensive pre- and post-compressional
parameter assessments were established in Indian Pharmacopiea standard procedures. The release order kinetics were
analyzed using DD solver as a statistical tool. Results: It pointed to the (F8) liquisolid formulation as particularly
impactful, out shining other alternatives. Tablets were successfully fabricated using the direct compression method (F10).
Our study extended to assess the similarity factor (f2) with a marketed sample (Agoprex 25 mg) and conducted stability
studies for 90 days in line with ICH guidelines. Post 90 days, an analysis of variance demonstrated a P = 0.386, surpassing
the threshold of P > 0.05, indicating negligible variation in in-vitro dissolution parameters. Conclusion: Our research
underscores the effectiveness of liquisolid encapsulation as a distinctive strategy, significantly elevating the dissolving
performance of Agomelatine and, consequently, enhancing its antidepressant efficacy. The application of QbD principles,
coupled with a meticulous analysis of formulation variables and thorough tablet property evaluations, has yielded valuable
insights, paving the way for an optimized liquisolid compact tablet formulation for agomelatine.

Effective Management of Neuromuscular Blockade in Obese Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery: A Comparative Study

2024-04-24T07:18:45+00:00

Introduction: Overweight adults are 4 times more likely to experience these problems; therefore, restoring
normal lung function requires the complete removal of any remaining neuromuscular blockade (NMB) and
maintenance of muscle relaxation. This study aimed to identify an effective procedure for NMB in obese patients
undergoing abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods: Our study included 34 participants ranging in age from
18 to 56 years, with a mean age of 36.8 ± 2.7 years. The study population comprised of 15 men (45%) and 19
women (55%). Participants were divided into two groups: The control group consisted of 21 individuals with
a normal body mass index (BMI), whereas the experimental group consisted of 13 individuals with a BMI that
varied between 30.1 and 40.0. Results: Patients in the control group, who responded to T2 and T3 stimulation in
the in the four-stimulation mode, received sugammadex (2 mg/kg), totaling 205.90 ± 11.14 mg. The experimental
group did not receive any medications to facilitate recovery from NMB. Patients in control group had a quicker
recovery time for NMB, averaging 48.00 ± 12.82 minutes, compared to Group 2, which averaged 64.91 ± 4.68 min
(t = −4.636; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: After surgery in obese individuals, it is essential to rapidly and absolute
revival of NMB and perform neuromuscular monitoring to evaluate the efficacy of removing the muscle relaxant
and ensuring that no residual NMB remains.

Impact of Medication and Surgical Treatment on Cytokine Concentrations in Patients with Acute and Chronic Cholecystitis

2024-04-24T07:25:03+00:00

Background: Cholecystitis is defined as the sudden inflammation of the gallbladder. Surgical intervention is
usually necessary to treat this condition because of the difficulty in achieving non-surgical resolution and frequent
recurrence without surgery. Objective: We aimed to assess the effect of medication and surgical treatment
on cytokine concentrations in patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis who showed disease progression.
Methods: A total of 133 patients with cholecystitis admitted to our hospital were categorized into two distinct
groups. The acute cholecystitis group included 79 patients with acute cholecystitis, whereas the chronic
cholecystitis group included 54 patients with chronic cholecystitis. An automatic immunoassay analyzer was used
to assess the levels of cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the blood
plasma. Results: IL-6 concentrations dramatically increased by a five-fold amount compared to those in the
control group. IL-6 concentrations were considerably higher in patients with chronic cholecystitis (P < 0.01),
but the concentrations of other cytokines were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The Evaluation of cytokines
demonstrated that IL-6 levels increased by 88% in the acute cholecystitis group and 81% in the chronic cholecystitis
group, with regard to sensitivity and specificity. In the chronic cholecystitis group, the level of serum IL-1β
remained significantly elevated (P < 0.05) during discharge relative to its pre-treatment level; in contrast, other
cytokines did not show significant changes (P > 0.05). Conclusion: IL-6 levels increase during inflammation, but
treatment reduces cytokine concentrations and elevates IL-4 levels

Stability Indicating Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Calcium Dobesilate in Bulk Drug Using RP-HPLC

2024-04-24T07:27:17+00:00

Introduction: The aim of the study is to develop a simple, precise, accurate, linear, and rapid stability-indicating
method for the separation and identification of degradation products and mass studies of calcium dobesilate (CAD)
drugs used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic kidney disease as per the International Conference
on Harmonization’s (ICH) guidelines. Materials and Methods: The technique makes use of an isocratic mode,
an Enable C18 Kromasil (250 × 4.6 mm; 5μ) column, and a reverse phase column. The optimal parameters for
the method are the mobile phase of acetonitrile (0.1%), OPA in water (20:80), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and a
UV detector with a detection wavelength of 310 nm. Results and Discussion: Degradation was carried out and
CAD was sensitive to base conditions. Structure elucidation of the forced degradation products was observed
using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CAD was found to be stable under thermal, photolytic, acid, and
peroxide conditions. Two degradation products were reported, but we did not get the m/z of degradation products
of CAD. We report these degradation products as unknown impurities. The suggested procedure was validated
in accordance with ICH Q2 (R1) standards. Accuracy studies were observed that the percentage recovery was
found to be 98.0–102.0% and the linearity of the method was excellent over the range of 80–120 μg/mL. Relative
standard deviations of 0.612% demonstrate the precision. The results showed that the limits of detection and
quantitation were, respectively, 0.477 and 1.445 ug/mL. Conclusion: According to validation and degradation
results, the method was found to have good stability, indicating its nature as well as being user-friendly

Estimation of Remogliflozin Etabonate Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient by Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method and Characterization of its Degradation Products by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2024-04-25T10:10:33+00:00

Introduction: A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) approach that is simple,
sensitive, exact, and specific has been developed and verified for Remogliflozin Etabonate (REM) estimation.
Materials and Methods: Using an isocratic mode methodology, the RP-HPLC procedure was run on a reversedphase
kromasil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm i.d). The detection wavelength was kept at 228 nm
and mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile: 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid in water (60:40). The mobile phase
flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. For REM, the retention period was 5.5, within the concentration range of
80–120 μg/mL. Results and Discussion: The technique showed linearity with a correlation coefficient (r2) of
0.997. The determined limit of detection and limit of quantitation was 0.186 and 0.563, respectively. In accordance
with international conference on harmonization Q2 (R1) guidelines, the suggested approach was verified for
linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. Studies on forced deterioration were conducted to identify a
potential degradation mechanism. There was a noticeable difference in the retention period value between the pure
drug peak and the degraded product peak, which could be clearly distinguished. The drug was found to be highly
sensitive to acid, base hydrolysis, and peroxide conditions. Degraded products were subjected to mass spectral
studies and the m/z values were identified for corresponding degradation products. Conclusion: The created
technique can be applied to regular quality control assessments of REM and stability sample analysis.

Perceptions Toward Leisure Activities and Prolonged Sitting Among Saudi Adults – A Cross-sectional Community-Based Study

2024-04-25T10:13:44+00:00

Background and Objective: Leisure activities encompass a wide range of recreational pursuits that
individuals engage in during their free time. This study aims to assess the perceptions toward leisure
activities and prolonged sitting among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among people living in Saudi Arabia to assess the
perception of adults toward leisure activities and prolonged sitting using a total of 25-item questionnaires
divided into four sections on the 5-point Likert scale. Results: Two hundred and one (n = 201) Saudi adults
completed the survey. In this study, 51.2% of the males were participated. With regard to time spent on leisure
activities, such as social media, 28.4% of the respondents spent 30 min, followed by coffee and dessert by
70.6% for 2 h, related activity by 63.2% for >4 h, business-related activity by 30% for <30 min, family time
by 30% for 2 h, and 29.4% spend <30 min watching television. Furthermore, 59.2% of participants believed
that sitting for long periods of time was harmful to their health. Conclusion: Leisure activities and prolonged
sitting have emerged as important topics concerning the health and well-being of Saudi adults. The high
prevalence of sitting time and its associated health risks necessitate the implementation of strategies to
reduce prolonged sitting and increase physical activity levels. By promoting leisure activities and creating a
supportive environment, Saudi adults can be encouraged to adopt a more active lifestyle, leading to improved
overall health and well-being.

Assessment of Drug-related Queries Received by Clinical Pharmacists in a Rural Community of India

2024-04-25T10:16:26+00:00

Aim: This study aimed to assess how clinical pharmacist’s at newly established drug information and patient
counseling center responded to different drug information inquiries received in a rural community of India.
Method: A prospective unicentric study was conducted from December 2021 to May 2023. Socio-demographic
information, how inquiries were received and responded to, types of references used and other aspects were recorded
in a specially designed data collection form based on a “modified systemic approach” for a drug information
query. Descriptive analysis was carried out using frequencies and percentages and to streamline the reporting
outcomes were displayed in tables and figures. Result and Discussion: During the study period, a total of 423 drug
information queries were received, majority of queries were through direct walk-ins (50.12%), In written format
(33.81%) followed by telephonic communication (12.53%). More than 50% of the queries were from people having
graduate qualifications. In our study, the number of queries received (423) were less as compared to other studies
and maximum queries were related to side effects and use of drugs. The tertiary sources such as textbooks and
internet resources were the most frequently used resources to answer the queries. Conclusion: In this study a strong
association between patients and Clinical Pharmacist’s was observed as most of the inquiries were patient-specific.
This highlights the growing role Clinical Pharmacist’s which they can play in patient care and towards addressing
the drug-related needs of rural India. Furthermore, to encourage the rational use of medicines, it is also necessary
to raise awareness about drug information services among general public in rural areas.

Design and Evaluation of Osmotic Drug Delivery System of Efonidipine

2024-04-25T10:38:47+00:00

Introduction: The aim of the present research work was to design an elementary osmotic pump (EOP) of efonidipine
hydrochloride (EFH), a biopharmaceutical classification system class II drug. Materials and Methods: To enhance
the solubility of EFH by novel co-amorphous solid dispersion technique, drug-loaded solid dispersion composed
of efonidipine/co-former at a weight ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1: 4, 1:8, and 1:12 was prepared by fusion method. Based
on the drug release profiles, efonidipine/pimelic acid dispersions were optimized. To formulate the core tablets,
sodium chloride and mannitol were used as osmotic agents. Four distinct core compositions, labeled as EF1
through EF4, were prepared following a 22 full factorial design approach to systematically optimize the drug’s
release profile, and four different coating compositions (a, b, c, and d) were applied to four distinct formulations
(EF1 to EF4) resulting in a total of 16 formulations. EOP tablets were prepared by applying a semipermeable
membrane, cellulose acetate with an orifice on the surface. Results and Discussion: Evaluation of the prepared
EOP tablets showed satisfactory results, with all 16 formulations exhibiting complete release of efonidipine
over approximately 24 h. The steepest ascent method was employed to determine the appropriate quantities, and
optimized formulation was designed to release the drug in a controlled manner over a 24-h period. The study
demonstrated that the main factor affecting drug release was osmosis alone, and factors such as agitation and
stagnant conditions had no significant impact on drug release. As a result, a successful controlled drug delivery
system for efonidipine over a 24-h duration was developed using an optimized technique based on a 24 factorial
design. In vivo study was performed in New Zealand white rabbits and various parameters such as Cmax, tmax,
AUC, AUMC, and MRT were calculated and compared with that of marketed tablet. Conclusion: In summary,
efonidipine osmotic pump tablets presented controlled release in vitro, high bioavailability in vivo and a good
in vitro-in vivo correlation.